Acleris gloverana (Walshingham), western blackheaded budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

Abstract

This chapter focuses on western blackheaded budworm (Acleris gloverana) attacking Tsuga, Picea, Abies and Pseudotsuga spp. in Canada, and provides an overview of the biological control agents, parasitoids and entomopathogens (Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) products Dipel, Foray 48B and Futura) that have been used to date for its management, and the evaluation of effectiveness of Btk products Dipel, Foray 48B and Futura. Future research prospects are recommended.

Impact and recovery of western hemlock following disturbances by forestry and insect defoliation

“…Failing that, direct controls are also an option with most forest defoliators because of the availability of effective biological pesticides (Otvos et al, 2002) that have been shown to sustain annual increment in juvenile conifer stands under similar situations (Piene et al, 2003). The principle operational problem with their use for blackheaded budworm has been the acute but short duration of damaging populations.…”

Defoliation of juvenile western hemlock by western blackheaded budworm in Pacific coastal forests

“…At times, associated increases in populations of hemlock sawfly Neodiprion tsugae Middleton (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) exacerbate the severity of defoliation (Koot, 1991). Attempts have been made in the past to control these defoliators with insecticides (Lejeune, 1975;Otvos et al, 2002). Recent outbreaks, however, have been left to run their course as it was felt that the inventory of mature western hemlock was not damaged intolerably.…”