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The study highlights the distinct and detrimental consequences of sarcopenia, in contrast to normal ageing, on spinal loading and required muscular effort. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

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The length of the instrumentation has an important effect on the proximal segment biomechanics. Despite the limitations of the current model, musculoskeletal modeling appears to be a promising and versatile method to support planning of spinal instrumentation surgeries in the future. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.