The debate regarding the possibility of the Law on the Ratification of International Treaty that can be reviewed always raises pros and cons. With normative research methodology, this research examines the urgency of a constitutional preview of the Law on the Ratification of International Treaty by the Constitutional Court in Indonesia. The importance of the law on the results of international treaty ratification to be tested is to ensure that its substance does not contradict the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The involvement of the Constitutional Court in conducting a constitutional preview before the parliament will provides the Court's opinion regarding the constitutionality of international agreements can be taken into consideration for the parliament to provide approval or not against international treaties that will be ratified by law.
The non-refoulement principle requires each country to consider refugees and asylum seekers in their country of origin if they are subject to persecution and threaten their lives. As a geographically strategic country, Indonesia has been a significant crossroad for international refugees and asylum seekers often consider Indonesia their temporary destination. Moreover, the complex situation of international refugees has encouraged to reinterpret of the principle of non-refoulement into various national measures and domestic policies, given that Indonesia is deemed a transit country for refugees and has not ratified the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees. This paper aims to analyse the concept of refugee protection under international law, particularly the non-refoulement principle and investigate the application of the non-refoulement principle in Indonesia. This study employed normative and empirical legal research with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. This study confirms that the non-refoulement principle is part of jus cogens norms in international law but does not fit in its application. Indonesia has inconsistency in upholding the non-refoulement principle into the binding normative rules. Refugees have received far less attention from the Indonesian government due to insufficient infrastructure and financial allocation. Moreover, the existing executive regulations do not provide effective enforcement since these regulations have a lower position in the hierarchy and cannot have deterrent sanctions. Hence, ratification of the 1951 Convention is urgently needed by Indonesia to guarantee the protection of refugees within its jurisdiction. At the regional scope, Indonesia can encourage ASEAN countries to adopt good practices in the European Union to set sharing quotas to ensure that not most refugees escape to Indonesia.
Since the US withdrew all its military forces, the Taliban as one of the ultra-conservative factions managed to hold control of all Afghanistan. The dominance of the Taliban's power has peaked since the coup d'etat (coup) of the legitimate government in power under President Ashraf Ghani. The international community condemns the coup act and fears the Taliban leadership will pursue policies that are incompatible with human rights values. For this reason, this study examines the legality of the coup act carried out by the Taliban according to international law. In addition, this study will also analyze how the government under the control of the Taliban can gain recognition from other countries so that it can be used as a modality for establishing international relations. By using normative legal research, this study concludes that to determine the legality of the coup carried out by the Taliban, it is very dependent on the constitutionality of the coup according to Afghan law, their effective control, and their compliance with international law. Although the recognition is still ambiguous in practice, the Afghan government under the Taliban needs it to be actively involved in international relations
AbstrakGlobalisasi ekonomi mendorong sebagian individu untuk bergerak di luar wilayah negara mereka untuk mendapatkan kehidupan dan pekerjaan yang lebih baik. Saat ini, Uni Eropa tidak dapat memungkiri terhadap keberadaan buruh migran yang berasal dari warga negara non-Uni Eropa untuk mendukung keberlangsungan ekonomi mereka. Namun, buruh migran non-Uni Eropa terutama dari ASEAN memperoleh perlindungan sosial yang terbatas. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini, pertama, apakah peraturan yang terdapat di Uni Eropa sudah memberikan dukungan perlindungan sosial bagi tenaga kerja migran yang bekerja di wilayahnya? Kedua, upaya apa yang dapat dilakukan ASEAN untuk menunaikan kewajibannya melindungi warga negaranya yang bekerja di luar ASEAN khususnya dalam rangka rencana kesepakatan terhadap Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas antara ASEAN dan Uni Eropa? Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah yuridis normatif. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan dua hal penting: pertama, peraturan di Uni Eropa belum memberikan perlindungan yang cukup terhadap buruh migran non-Uni Eropa khususnya bagi mereka yang merupakan warga negara dari negara-negara ASEAN. Kedua, terdapat kemungkinan untuk dimasukkannya ketentuan khusus terkait dengan perlindungan sosial pekerja migran di dalam Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas antara ASEAN dan Uni Eropa.Kata kunci : Buruh migran, perlindungan sosial, ASEAN, Uni Eropa, dan perjanjian perdagangan bebas.
Open skies policy is a concept of free market of airline industry. It eliminates single government’s influence in regulation and management of aviation industry. As implemented by the ASEAN Single Aviation Market (ASEAN-SAM) per 2015, the open skies policy aims to increase regional connectivity and regional economic growth by permitting airline industries from each ASEAN member states to fly above the Southeast Asian region without any barriers or restrictions. This policy has raised pros and cons from each ASEAN member state. Indonesia and some other states are still reluctant to adopt the open skies policy. By entering into commercial agreement to open their airspace, each member states will challenge their state sovereignty over the airspace above a state’s territory. This study argues that regional open skies policy provides greater economic advantages for the consumers of airline industry. However, this policy does not parallel to the basic principles of ASEAN. State sovereignty must be preserved in the liberalization that open skies represents. ASEAN Way, though inflexible, assigns member states with full sovereignty, which does not limit open skies policy implementation. This study, then, proposed legal framework through model of regional agreement to compromise between the state sovereignty principles and the regional open skies policy.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.