In fish and poultry processing, viscera are generally considered as a waste product and often discarded. Chicken and hilsa fish (Hilsa ilisa) viscera were used for the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) linoleic (18:2n-6), eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). Free fatty acids (FFA) were extracted by alkaline hydrolysis of chicken and fish viscera; yields were 5.2 and 5.9% (w/w) respectively. PUFA concentrates were obtained by a two step processdeduction of saturated fatty acids (FA) by low temperature crystallization in acetone followed by urea inclusion compound-based fractionation. Acetone treatment removed 90 and 96% of saturated FA in chicken and fish viscera respectively with FA to acetone ratio of 1:12 (w/v). Using an urea to FA ratio (w/w) of 4.0, chicken viscera produced a maximum of 84.1% of PUFA concentrates containing 82.1% of linoleic acid with a yield of 10% where as in the case of fish viscera the maximum PUFA concentrates were 91.3% containing 78.2% of EPA-DHA with the yield of 11%. Thus, the utilization of poultry and fish processing waste into the production of PUFA concentrates has been shown.
An oxidative procedure for the electrophilic
iodination of phenols
was developed by using iodosylbenzene as a nontoxic iodine(III)-based
oxidant and ammonium iodide as a cheap iodine atom source. A totally
controlled monoiodination was achieved by buffering the reaction medium
with K3PO4. This protocol proceeds with short
reaction times, at mild temperatures, in an open flask, and generally
with high yields. Gram-scale reactions, as well as the scope of this
protocol, were explored with electron-rich and electron-poor phenols
as well as heterocycles. Quantum chemistry calculations revealed PhII(OH)·NH3 to be the most plausible iodinating active species as a reactive
“I+” synthon. In light of the relevance of
the iodoarene moiety, we present herein a practical, efficient, and
simple procedure with a broad functional group scope that allows access
to the iodoarene core unit.
Role of biosurfactants has shown renewed interest; hence, search for readily available natural resources of these materials is continuing. Chicken viscera and bahera oil were used as natural sources of oleic acid and its methyl ester, respectively, for the preparation of biosurfactants. Enzymatic esterification and transesterification of oleic acid were performed with sorbitol, fructose and ascorbic acid using Candida antarctica lipase, and their isolated yields were compared. Oleyl esters of sorbitol, fructose and ascorbic acid were produced 27, 21 and 12%, respectively. Transesterification reaction gave better yield than esterification reaction. Synthesized products were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Radical scavenging activity of synthesized ascorbyl oleate was compared with ascorbic acid using 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl hydrazyl radical. Ascorbyl oleate showed better antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Fatty acid esters of polyols have important applications because of their surface‐active properties resulting from the combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts in a single molecule. These compounds are widely used as surfactants in the food, detergent, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Ascorbyl ester can be used as biosurfactant as well as fat‐soluble antioxidant for prevention of oxidation of fat used in foods.
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