Background: Smoking is the leading cause of death in worldwide and is known as one of the risk factors in the development and pathogenesis of several diseases and most are respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is associated with negative health consequences including respiratory tract infection, asthma, and cancer. One of the pathogenesis that has known to cause these diseases is inflammation. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a medicinal herb that contains Allicin and other active constituents that are known to have anti-inflammatory ability by suppressing the expression and production of proinflammatory cytokines that will cause inflammation. Objective: The aim of this study is; to analyze the anti-inflammatory action of Allium sativum ethanol extract to prevent lung damage in the smoker rat model. Methods: This is a case-control study with five groups of rats each group contains of three rats. The five groups were negative control (KN), 10 days (10d) smoker (K1), 20 days (20d) smoker (K2), 20d smoker treated with Allium sativum for 10 days (K3) and 20d smoker treated with Allium sativum for 20 days (K4). After 20 days all animals were sacrificed and histological preparation of lung organs was observed under a microscope with 100 dan 400 times magnification and then captured by photomicrograph for analyzed. Results: There were improvements in lung structure both in group K3 and K4 . there was a decrease of leucocytes and inflammatory cells infiltration that covered almost all alveolar surface to 10-20% surface area and the dilated alveoli decrease from more than 50% to less than 30% area. The bronchus was clean in both two groups compared to the groups that were not treated with Allium sativum Conclusion: This study shows that Allium sativum ethanol extract has the ability to prevent lung damage in the smoker rat model.
Menstruation is endometrium releasing process included with bleeding and happened many times every month except in pregnancy. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) the number of disminore in the world is very large, the average more than 50 % of women in every country suffer from disminore. The aims of this research is to find out the correlation of menarche age, length of menstruation and family history with menstrual pain incident to the teenage girl of Social Class XI of Islamic Senior High School Number 1 year 2021. The method of this research used Survey Analitic with Cross Sectional approach. The populations in this research are all schoolgirls of Class XI of Islamic Senior High School Number 1 Palembang year 2021/2022, which amount 168 pepole. Big samples of this research are 63 respondents whom taken from using Stratified random sampling. Data collecting used questioner sheet. Data analysis used univariate and bivariate by using chi square test. Results : respondents who experience menstruation pain are 35 (55,6%) teenagers, normal menarche age respondents are 45 (71,4%) teenagers, respondents who experience normal menstruation length are 50 (79,4%) teenagers, respondents who have no disminore experiences family history are 42 (66,7%) teenagers. Bivariate result known that there is menarche age (length of menstruation) and family history (with menstruation pain incident to the teenage girls of Class XI of Islamic Senior High School Number 1 year 2021. The conclusion that there is correlation between menarche age, length of menstruation and family history with menstruation pain incident to the teenage girls of Social Class XI of Islamic Senior High School Number 1 year 2021. Suggestion : expected to the school authorities to cooperate with Health agencies to give counseling to the schoolgirls about female reproduction especially disminore.
Behavioral Skill Training (BST) is a method for modifying behavior. The purpose of this literature review is to describe BST procedures can help parents cope with behavioral problems that arise in children with autism. Systematic literature review carried out by filtering articles through the Spingerlink and Taylor & Francis Online databases with publication dates between 2012-2020. It was obtained three articles (n=3) with specific criteria. Data analysis was performed by narrative synthetic analysis. The results of the study show that clear and detailed instructions, modelling in accordance with instructions, chance for imitate behavior during rehearsal, and positive and constructive feedback have a positive impact on parental behavior and expected behavior’s child.
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