Background: Analgesics selectively relieve pain by acting either on central or peripheral pain pathways. Recently, studies have shown accumulating evidence to implicate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) mediation in central and peripheral sensitization and visceral pain leading to the possibility that NMDAR antagonists may be useful in the treatment of pain. Aims and Objectives: (1) To evaluate analgesic activity of Pioglitazone (PIO) in mice. (2) To compare the analgesic activity of PIO with the standard drugs tramadol and aspirin, in mice. Materials and Methods: Albino mice were divided into four groups, containing six animals (n = 6) in each group (control, standard, and test group). Group-I: Control received saline solution 2 ml/kg orally, Group-II: Standard 1 received tramadol at a dose of 10 mg/ kg intraperitoneal, Group-III: Standard 2 received aspirin at a dose of 300 mg/kg orally, and Group-IV: Test received PIO at a dose of 20 mg/kg orally. PIO and normal saline were administered 30 min before, whereas the tramadol and aspirin were administered 15 min before writhing and tail clip methods. The decrease in number of writhes and the delay in reaction time in tail clip method denoted the analgesic activity. Results: PIO decreased the number of writhes and delayed the reaction time in tail clip method considerably when compared with control, but less when compared with standard drugs. Conclusion: PIO exhibits analgesic activity in both chemical and mechanical pain models in albino mice.
in clinical practice for a better patient recovery and good quality of life. The study involved a total 744 subjects of either gender, of which 68.10 % (n = 506) were males and 31.98% (n = 238) were females with their average age being 55.97 and 55.96 years, respectively. Chronopharmacological relevance was found with 28 drugs, of all antihypertensives were 25 including diuretics, i.e., 17 antihypertensives and 7 diuretics. Nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker to be administered in the morning, all of the 100% of subjects received the drug in the morning with excellent relevance to chronopharmacology. Amlodipine to be administered ideally in the morning was seen to be followed in 98% of subjects, while a fixed drug combination (FDC) of amlodipine and olmesartan (10 mg/40 mg) to be taken at night showed 100% correlation for chronopharmacology . Enalapril, an angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor,was given to 10 patients, of which 80% of patients received them at bedtime and followed appropriate chonopharmacology for the drug. Telmisartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, has shown only 30% relevance as bedtime administration. Beta blockers such as propranolol and metoprolol showed only 79% and 50% of bedtime and morning relevance, respectively. Diuretics are ideally prescribed in the morning. FDC of furosemide with amiloride (40 mg/5 mg) and furosemide with spironolactone (20 mg/50 mg) have followed the chronopharmacology in 100% of subjects. Furosemide alone was administered in the morning in only 60% of subjects. Conclusion: A very few antihypertensive and all of the diuretics have shown chronopharmacological relevance with their time of administration. A few like telmisartan and other FDC of diuretics have shown poor relevance to chronopharmacology. This could be because of the lack of knowledge of chronopharmacology and circadian rhythm. In conclusion, the timing of drug administration is in good relevance to standard chronopharmacology. This study has provoked the need for updating the knowledge of chronopharmacology and its application
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