The development of thinking supported by the ease of obtaining information in real-time with the assistance of a smartphone has changed a person’s pattern of life and the way to socialize. With the current technology, face-to-face socialization has been shifted to video calls. Not only socializing patterns, trading patterns have also been affected. Today trading process is not only held conventionally (buyers come to the store), but also by using the available applications. Through the applications, we can buy goods without having to leave the house. The presence of this change cannot be separated from the role of technology-based startups which create an application offering a variety of convenience services. The growth of the nation’s startups has now penetrated the world market. Some Indonesian startups have a valuation of US $ 1 billion and are included in the Unicorn class such as Tokopedia, Buka Lapak, and Traveloka. Now Go-Jek has also entered the Decacorn class. To protect their business, businessmen need to register their brands for intellectual property. Considering the importance of intellectual property in the industrial revolution 4.0, the researchers carried out this research to protect digital startups in Pontianak, especially in terms of intellectual property registration.

Children grow and develop in their lives cannot be separated from social and environmental influences in which they live and grow. We often see children who are victims of sexual crimes, especially crimes of rape. Even though protection for children has been regulated in Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection (Child Protection Law) and Government Regulation Number 43 of 2017 concerning the Implementation of Restitution for Children Who Become Victims of Crime. However, crimes against children continue to occur and pay more attention to that the law does not explain the amount of compensation for victims of sexual crimes, in this case a child. Seeing this problem, the judge must prioritize the fulfillment of the rights of the child as a victim in his decision. Because judges have an important role in determining the rights of victims through legal analysis, (ratio decidendi). This study aims to describe the position of the Judge's Decidendi Ratio in Fulfilling the Right of Restitution to Victims of Sexual Crimes in Children. The concentration of this research discusses the position of Government Regulation Number 43 of 2017 concerning the Implementation of Restitution for Children Who Become Victims of Crime in determining the amount of restitution, then the role of the position of judges who have the right of the ratio decidendi in determining the amount of compensation for victims by prioritizing justice to victims. . This study uses a normative method with a normative juridical approach. The results obtained: first, the position of Government Regulation Number 43 of 2017 concerning the Implementation of Restitution for Children Who Become Victims of Crime in determining the amount of restitution. Second, the role of the judge who has the right of the ratio decidendi in determining the amount of compensation for the victim by prioritizing justice to the victim.

Wakqf is part of the teachings of Islam which aims to realize the general welfare. Seeing the reality on the ground, sometimes the waqf property is not in accordance with the purpose of the waqf, even ironically the waqf property is neglected. Seeing this phenomenon as Nadzir who is mandated to manage waqf assets, he must provide concrete and maslahah solutions. Not a few ruislagh become the final solution for waqf assets that no longer provide benefits. This study aims to describe the position of ruislagh in waqf land investment with a maqasid sharia perspective. The concentration of this research discusses the legal basis of ruislagh from the perspective of maqasid sharia and the position of ruislagh as a form of innovation in legal reform in the field of waqf. This study uses a normative method with a normative juridical approach. The results obtained: First, the legal basis of waqf in Indonesia refers to maqasid sharia. The two ruislaghs, apart from being legal, are also a way of renewing waqf management for the benefit of the people.

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Abstrak: Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Dasar serta unsur-unsur hukum bagi pengembang perumahan yang melakukan penipuan jual beli tanah kavling dan Bagaimana pertanggung jawaban terhadap pengembang perumahan yang melakukan penipuan jual beli tanah kavling. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian yuridis normatif dengan metode pendekatan Perundang- Undangan (statue approach) serta pendekatan kasus (case approach). bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berasal dari bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder dan bahan non hukum. Temuan penelitian berkaitan dengan dasar dan unsur hukum mengenai tindak pidana penipuan jual beli kavling tanah yang dilakukan pengembang perumahan kepada konsumen, tertuang dalam pasal 378 KUHP dan Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen pasal 62 serta dipenuhinya unsur tindak pidana penipuan yang dilakukan oleh pemilik PT. ABC (developer properti), sehingga perbuatannya dapat dipertanggungjawabkannya dengan pasal 378 KUHP dan Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen pasal 62. Rekomendasi: pertama, Dasar hukum terhadap pengembang yang melakukan penipuan jual beli tanah kavling perumahan. Kedua, Unsur-unsur tindak pidana penipuan yang dilakukan oleh pengembang perumahan . Ketiga, Pertanggung jawaban pengembang perumahan yang melakukan penipuan jual beli tanah kavling. Sejalan dengan kesimpulan diatas, diharapkan dijadikan bahan pembelajaran dan penambahan wawasan tentang pidana penipuan jual beli kavling tanah yang dilakukan pengembang perumahan kepada konsumen.