Samples of the 'Himantura uarnak' species complex (H. leoparda, H. uarnak, H. undulata under their current definitions), mostly from the Coral Triangle, were analyzed using nuclear markers and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Genotypes at five intron loci showed four reproductively isolated clusters of individuals. The COI sequences showed four major mitochondrial lineages, each diagnostic of a cluster as defined by nuclear markers. No mitochondrial introgression was detected. The average Kimura-2 parameter nucleotide distance separating clades was 0.061-0.120 (net: 0.055-0.114), while the distance separating individuals within a clade was 0.002-0.008. Additional, partial cytochrome-b gene sequences were used to link these samples with previously published sequences of reference specimens of the three nominal species. One of the clusters was identified as H. undulata and another one, as H. uarnak, while two cryptic species were uncovered within the recently-described H. leoparda, challenging the current morphology-based taxonomy of species within the H. uarnak species complex.

It has been previously established that the Leopard Whipray, Himantura leoparda, consists of two genetically isolated, cryptic species, provisionally designated as 'Cluster 1' and 'Cluster 4' (Arlyza et al., Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 65 (2013) [1]). Here, we show that the two cryptic species differ by the spotting patterns on the dorsal surface of adults: Cluster-4 individuals tend to have larger-ocellated spots, which also more often have a continuous contour than Cluster-1 individuals. We show that H. leoparda's holotype has the typical larger-ocellated spot pattern, designating Cluster 4 as the actual H. leoparda. The other species (Cluster 1) is described as Himantura tutul sp. nov. on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of a 655-base pair fragment of its cytochrome-oxidase I gene (GenBank accession No. JX263335). Nucleotide synapomorphies at this locus clearly distinguish H. tutul sp. nov. from all three other valid species in the H. uarnak species complex, namely H. leoparda, H. uarnak, and H. undulata. H. tutul sp. nov. has a wide distribution in the Indo-West Pacific, from the shores of eastern Africa to the Indo-Malay archipelago. H. leoparda under its new definition has a similarly wide Indo-West Pacific distribution.

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The present study reports the phenotypic variation of body weight and body size, the genetic variation of D-loop of mtDNA and microsatellite DNA allele in Aceh cattle in Indonesia within the frame of the design of a conservation programme for this indigenous species. Aceh cattle differ from Bali, Madura, Java-Ongole and Pesisir cattle, but its ancestry relates it closest to Pesisir, thus adding more information to its entry from the Indian sub-continent.

Lais fish of Ompok hypophthalmus is one of high economic fish in Kampar river. It should be protected from decreasing of it population estimated due to decreasing of habitat quality and increasing of exploitation. The objectives of the research are to study reproduction biology of lais fish as the basic data for conservation. . The results of O. hypophthalmus reproduction aspect show that the smallest female of maturity is 22,9 cm and male is 22,6 cm; the spawning season on September to November; O. hypophthalmus is more appropriate spawning location to oxbow lake that close relation with tributary; the spawning pattern indicated total spawner fish; the fecundity ranges from 3111 to 11164 eggs and the egg diameter ranges 0,41-1,13 mm.

Teak ( Tectona grandis L.) is believed to have been introduced from India 400–500 years ago and there appear to be no old-growth natural forests. However, Indonesia has many teak plantation forests and 40%–50% of seeds for reforestation come from seed orchards and the remainder from plantations. In both, flower and fruit abortion results in low fruit set and thus seed production. We investigated flower and fruit development in a clonal seed orchard in East Java in 1999 and 2001 using cross- and open-pollinated trees. The rates of abortion using cross-pollinations showed a similar pattern but were lower than for open-pollinations. The highest rate of abortion in cross- and open-pollinations was during pollination and fertilization, ranging 11%–23% and 31%–32%/day, respectively, less during fruit initiation (5%–6% and 6%–8%/day) and the lowest was during fruit maturation (<0.5%/day). Cross-pollinations increased fruit production by 10-fold compared with open-pollinations. About 30% of flowers were pollinated with an average of five pollen grains per stigma in open-pollinations. Pollen viability varied among clones and time of day but was not affected by position of flowers in an inflorescence. We conclude that low pollination success and low pollen viability are major causes for low fruit production in teak and are related to insect pollinators.

DNA barcoding based on mitochondrial DNA COI gene is very useful in identifying of Indonesian hornbill. We sequenced the DNA barcode of seven hornbill species using the mitochondrial DNA COI gene to explore their genetic variation, identity, distance, and phylogenetic. Thirty-one blood samples from seven hornbill species were isolated and analyzed. Slight variation was observed within the nucleotide of the hornbill species. In contrary, fairly significant difference was shown within the genus and family level. COI gene sequences generated from this study, showed unmatched result with BoLD System database. These seven Indonesian hornbill species were then divided into two groups, namely Group I consisting of Aceros cassidix, Rhyticeros plicatus, R. undulatus, Buceros rhinoceros, and B. bicornis, while Group II occupied by Anthracoceros albirostris and A. malayanus; both groups with genetic distance 5.90%. Overall in-group had 9.40% distances to the hornbill used as the out group. COI sequence gene from these seven hornbill species are novel for identifying Indonesian hornbills. We encourage its use as quick species identification, applied to prevent illegal poaching conservation management.

Erythrocyt and Haemoglobin on Cave Bat at Gombong Karst Area, Kebumen Regency, Central Jawa. The purpose of this study was observe physiological adaptation of the cave bats conducted from September 2009 to March 2010 in twelve caves within the karst of Gombong, Kebumen Regency, Central Java. In each caves where the bats roosting, temperature, also humidity, oxygen percentage in the air, and ammonia content were measured. Three individual samples were caught from every bat roost during the day when the bats were staying in their roosts. Then the amount of erythrocyte was counted by hemocytometer and hemoglobin content was measured using Sahli's method. The data were analyzed using RDA and multiple regressions. It was concluded that humidity, temperature, oxygen and ammonia correlated significantly with erythrocyte and hemoglobin content. The amount of erythrocyte increased by increasing humvel.