SWE elicited metabolic and cardiovascular responses that met ACSM's guidelines for establishing health benefits. Furthermore, older females may self-select a greater relative exercise intensity during SWE compared with younger counterparts when provided with the same verbal instructions and encouragement.

Background and AimsPast research has examined eating disorder risk among college students majoring in Nutrition and has suggested an increased risk, while other studies contradict these results. Exercise Science majors, however, have yet to be fully examined regarding their risk for eating disorders and exercise dependence. Based on pressures to fit the image associated with careers related to these two disciplines, research is warranted to examine the potential risk for both eating disorder and exercise dependence. The purpose of this study is to compare eating disorder risk, exercise dependence, and body weight dissatisfaction (BWD) between Nutrition and Exercise Science majors, compared to students outside of these career pathways.MethodsParticipants (n = 89) were divided into three groups based on major; Nutrition majors (NUTR; n = 31), Exercise Science majors (EXSC; n = 30), and other majors (CON; n = 28). Participants were given the EAT-26 questionnaire and the Exercise Dependence Scale. BWD was calculated as the discrepancy between actual BMI and ideal BMI.ResultsThe majority of participants expressed a desire to weigh less (83%) and EXSC had significantly (p = .03) greater BWD than NUTR. However, there were no significant differences in eating disorder risk or exercise dependence among majors.Discussion and ConclusionsThis study suggested there was no significant difference in eating disorder risk or exercise dependence between the three groups (NUTR, EXSC, and CON).

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The purpose of this investigation was to examine the metabolic and cardiovascular demands of shallow-water exercise in older women. Sixteen active older women who were not taking cardiac medication participated in this investigation (mean +/- SE; age, 66.4 +/- 1.2 years). Testing included (a) resting metabolic rate and heart rate; (b) performing 5 8-minute, evenly paced, self-selected, submaximal, shallow-water exercise bouts. Expired air was collected during the final 3 minutes of each bout while the heart rate was recorded with a Polar heart rate monitor; and (c) a 40-minute water exercise class in which heart rate was monitored. One metabolic equivalent (MET) equaled 2.7 +/- 0.1 mlO2 x min(-1) x kg(-1), whereas resting heart rate was 63.4 +/- 2.2 b min(-1). Average submaximal MET and heart rate responses for exercise bouts 1-5 ranged from 2.8 +/- 0.1 to 5.8 +/- 0.3 and 89.7 +/- 3.0 to 119.5 +/- 3.3 b x min(-1), respectively. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE; Borg scale) response for bouts 1-5 ranged from 8.0 +/- 0.3 to 12.5 +/- 0.4. A linear relationship between MET vs. heart rate was found for each participant, with all r values greater than 0.97 (p < 0.05). The estimated MET and measured HR responses for the 40-minute water exercise class were as follows: warm-up, 4.0 +/- 0.3 and 99.5 +/- 3.4; body of workout, 5.2 +/- 0.4 and 110.0 +/- 3.8 (part 1), and 5.4 +/- 0.4 and 112.3 +/- 3.6 (part 2); cooldown, 3.6 +/- 0.3 and 95.5 +/- 3.0. The exercise intensity ranged from approximately 40-61% of the predicted maximum MET, and approximately 66-78% of the predicted heart rate maximum. Shallow-water exercise elicits metabolic and cardiovascular responses in older women that meet the American College of Sports Medicine exercise prescription guidelines for realizing health benefits.

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Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Bryan Contreras and Lance Miller for technical and computer programming support. We would also like to thank Wilton Kanavan and Michael Dohrman for assistance with data collection. We would also like to thank the aquatic director, Debbie Nethery for coordinating pool availability and lifeguard support.

Aquatic exercise (AE) continues to grow in popularity as an addition to, or alternative to landbased training 4,6,8. Recreational exercisers, athletes of varying levels, and the elderly use AE as part of their training regimen 4,9,10. Shallow water exercise (SWE) is performed with participants typically immersed from waist to axillary level 4,6,8. Because of water's greater density and dynamic viscosity, it offers more resistance to movement compared to an air medium 10. Furthermore, the buoyancy effect of water reduces impact forces on body tissues and joints. Participants can change intensity during SWE by manipulating speed, body surface area, force application, range of motion, and planes of movement 9 .