Metabolic and Cardiovascular Response to Shallow Water Exercise in Young and Older Women

Abstract

SWE elicited metabolic and cardiovascular responses that met ACSM's guidelines for establishing health benefits. Furthermore, older females may self-select a greater relative exercise intensity during SWE compared with younger counterparts when provided with the same verbal instructions and encouragement.

Physiological and Psychophysical Aspects of Shallow Water Exercise

“…The participants, therefore, had a given sense of independence in establishing the intensity within the context and exertional boundaries of the Borg 6-20 RPE scale. This approach of self-regulating exercise intensity over a wide range of exertions during SWE is noteworthy given that most studies examining physiological responses during head out water immersion exercise have used cadence strategies, underwater treadmill, and on occasion instructional cues to regulate exertion (Barbosa et al, 2007, Benelli et al, 2004Campbell et al, 2003;D'Acquisto et al, 2001;Fujishima & Shimizu, 2003;Hoeger et al, 1995;Nagel et al, 2013;Pohl & McNaughton, 2003). Thus, this research provides valuable insight into absolute and relative cardiorespiratory responses for a broad continuum of participant controlled, perceptually regulated SWE efforts and on the usefulness of RPE for the regulation of SWE intensity.…”

“…Previous research has yielded varying results regarding cardiorespiratory responses to maximal SWE (Campbell et al, 2003;Kruel et al, 2013;Silvers, Rutledge, & Dolny, 2007). For example, Kruel et al (2013) …”

“…The female participants in the Silver et al study achieved a VO 2 and HR peak of 46.2 ± 6.6 ml·min -1 ·kg -1 (~2.8 l·min -1 ) and 187 ± 12 bpm, respectively, during water exercise (personal communication, July 20, 2015). Campbell et al (2003) reported peak VO 2 , HR, and RER values of 37.9 ± 2.2 ml·min -1 ·kg -1 (~2.2 l·min -1 , estimated from reported BM of 59 kg), 182 ± 3 bpm, and 1.11 ± 0.06 in physically active females (age 21 years) performing a maximal SWE effort that was translatory in nature at midsternum level (intensity regulated via instructor cues; water temperature 28 °C). Comparing results among SWE studies is problematic given the different testing protocols and conditions (e.g., cadence and underwater treadmill guided intensity, water temperature, immersion level, stationary vs. translatory motion).…”

Barriers to participating in hydrotherapy in older women: A qualitative study

“…However, floating on water increases the elderly's ability to exercise (6). Floating on water, based on the principle of not tolerating body weight, can be used as an alternative to exercise on the ground (7)(8)(9).…”

Balance Specific Training in Water and on Land in Older Adults: A Pilot Study

“…Many water-based exercise studies have demonstrated improvements between programs of similar intensities in cardiovascular fitness, body composition, muscle strength, and flexibility (Campbell, D'Acquisto, D'Acquisto, & Cline, 2003;Gappmaier, Lake, Nelson, & Fisher, 2006;Ruoti, Troup, & Berger, 1994;Sato, Kaneda, Wakabayashi, & Nomura, 2007;Shono, Fujishima, Hotta, Ogaki, & Ueda, 2001;Takeshima et al, 2002;Tsourlou, Benik, Dipla, Zafeiridis, & Kellis, 2006;Wang, Belza, Thompson, Whitney, & Bennett, 2007). And while some aquatic exercise studies have shown improvements in balance measures, including functional reach (Simmons & Hansen, 1996), postural sway (Lord, Mitchell, & Williams, 1993;Suomi & Koceja, 2000), and step test (Devereux, Robertson, & Briffa, 2005), these studies did not have the specific aim to overload or challenge the targeted balance systems (i.e., sensory, central integrative, and motor).…”