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Despite the importance of gastrointestinal diseases and their global distribution, affecting millions of individuals around the world, the role and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of anaerobic bacteria such as those in the Bacteroides fragilis group (BFG) are still unclear in young children. This study investigated the occurrence and distribution of species in the BFG and enterotoxigenic strains in the fecal microbiota of children and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Diarrheic (n=110) and non-diarrheic (n=65) fecal samples from children aged 0-5 years old were evaluated. BFG strains were isolated and identified by conventional biochemical, physiological and molecular approaches. Alternatively, bacteria and enterotoxigenic strains were detected directly from feces by molecular biology. Antimicrobial drug susceptibility patterns were determined by the agar dilution method according to the guidelines for isolated bacteria. BFG was detected in 64.3% of the fecal samples (55% diarrheic and 80.4% non-diarrheic), and 4.6% were enterotoxigenic. Antimicrobial resistance was observed against ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem, ceftriaxone, clindamycin and chloramphenicol.The data show that these bacteria are prevalent in fecal microbiota at higher levels in healthy children. The molecular methodology was more effective in identifying the B. fragilis group when compared to the biochemical and physiological techniques. The observation of high resistance levels stimulates thoughts about the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial drugs in early infancy. Further quantitative studies are needed to gain a better understanding of the role of these bacteria in acute diarrhea in children.

Objetivos: Descrever as características dos casos de abandono do tratamento de tuberculose em pacientes que desenvolveram TBMR. Métodos: Estudo descritivo de abordagem quantitativa, desenvolvido em uma instituição terciária de referência para tratamento de TBMR localizada na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Foi utilizado instrumento estruturado com informações de quarenta prontuários entre os meses de agosto a dezembro de 2016. A análise dos dados foi realizada através do software SPSS. Resultados: dos pacientes estudados, 35% abandonaram tratamento anterior de Tuberculose.Conclusão e implicação para a prática: é necessária a identificação precoce de pacientes que apresentam maior risco para abandono do tratamento, bem como a criação de um modelo de assistência voltado ao perfil dos usuários que abandonam o tratamento, com uma prática participativa, com grupos educativos que promovam ações preventivas, identificando, estudando estratégias para a superação de barreiras ligadas à realidade, de vida individual e coletiva.

Development of improved drug and gene delivery systems directly into the lungs is highly desirable given the important burden of respiratory diseases. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of liposomes composed of photopolymerized lipids [1,2-bis-(tricosa-10,12-diynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine] associated with amino acids as vectors for gene delivery into the lungs of healthy animals. Lipopolymer vesicles, in particular, are more stable than other types of liposomes. In this study, lipopolymers were associated with l-arginine, l-tryptophan, or l-cysteine. We hypothesized that the addition of these amino acids would enhance the efficacy of gene delivery to the lungs by the lipopolymers. l-Arginine showed the highest association efficiency due to its positive charge and better surface interactions. None of the formulations caused inflammation or altered lung mechanics, suggesting that these lipopolymers can be safely administered as aerosols. All formulations were able to induce eGFP mRNA expression in lung tissue, but the addition of amino acids reduced delivery efficacy when compared with the simple lipopolymer particle. These results indicate that this system could be further explored for gene or drug delivery targeting lung diseases.

Objective:The study's purpose has been to estimate the prevalence of HIV/TB coinfection in patients submitted to treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) at a referral hospital in Rio de Janeiro city. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study that was carried out over the period from March to December 2016, whose population was composed of 40 patients undergoing treatment for MDR-TB. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS statistical program. Results: During the study time frame, 40 cases of MDR-TB were diagnosed, out of which 9 cases showed positive serology for HIV, representing a coinfection rate of 22.5%. In this group, the male gender predominated (85.29%) and with average age of 37.5 years old. The diagnosis of TB in coinfected patients occurred in the pulmonary clinical form (80%). In the smear test, (66.6%) presented a positive result, (74.9%) suggestive radiology and 100% of the patients presented resistance to rifampicin in the GeneXpert TB test. Conclusion: The drugs that presented the most resistance in this group were rifampicin, isoniazid and streptomycin (87.5%).

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