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This article re-examines transparency as it is conceptualized in communication, particularly in public relations, and it introduces the concept of pseudo-transparency. Transparency in the public relations literature is rarely examined from a critical perspective. We conclude from our re-examination that transparency is a product of modernism and neoliberalism; as such, we argue that the concept is used by organizations, that is, governments, civil society organizations, and corporations, to reproduce and to maintain a status quo to be accepted without interrogation or critical inquiry. Based on this re-examination, we advocate that public relations practitioners must be at the forefront in resolving ethical issues that are related to transparency and to pseudo-transparency in contemporary global society.

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He has worked professionally in public relations at Lutheran General Hospital, Chicago, and as an extension information specialist in the Agricultural Extension Service of the University of Minnesota. He has published widely in books ('Public relations and community: A reconstructed theory', 'This is PR: The realities of public relations')and in journals and has lectured and consulted in Europe and in the Middle East on topics dealing with public relations education, ethics and professionalism.

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