AbstrakKata Kunci : revolusi, masyarakat, bangsa, negara Thomas Hobbes dan John Locke adalah dua pemikir politik Inggris abad 17. Mereka menjadi saksi atas pergolakan politik Inggris mulai dari Revolusi Puritan 1648 dan Revolusi Kejayaan 1688. Banyaknya korban perang dan penindasan membuat mereka berupaya untuk mencari alternatif solusi. Mereka terlihat "berkoalisi" untuk mencapai tujuan yang sama tetapi dengan jalan yang berbeda. Hal ini terjadi karena mereka memiliki asumsi yang berbeda. Jika Hobbes merasa manusia adalah serigala bagi manusia lainnya maka Locke melihat manusia seperti kertas putih tanpa noda. Keadaan perang menuntut Hobbes dan Locke mencari jalan keluarnya. Mereka terlihat sependapat untuk mengajukan kontrak sosial sebagai jalan perdamaian dimana negara akan menjamin keadilan dan kesejahteraan rakyat. Tulisan ini berupaya untuk membahas ide mereka dalam konteks sejarah pemikiran. J S P H Daya Negri Wijaya AbstractThomas Hobbes and John Locke are two of English political thinkers in the age of Seventeenth century. They witness the political upheaval from the 1648 Puritan Revolution and the 1688 Glorious Revolution. Many victims and oppressions make them to search for the solution. They seem to make a coalition to reach the same aim but using different ways. If Hobbes assumes man is a wolf for other man so Locke argues that man is a blank-slate. The state of war leads them to find the way out of. They propose the social contract as a peace vision where the state will guarantee people's justice and welfare. This paper tries to discuss both ideas in the context of intellectual history.
This study aims to develop digital book based on sigil on the material of European history in growing the values of Pancasila democracy. This book is aimed to give an alternative of learning material by using ICT to reach the aims of learning. The book should follow the standardized test to ensure the digital book could be used in teaching and learning process at History Department, State University of Malang. This study tended to used research and development approach. We used eight Sadiman’s model of (1) identification of needs; (2) composing aims; (3) material development; (4) development of evaluation tool; (5) writing a draft; (6) validation; (7) revision; (8) production. Based on data analysis, this study found that the book could be used without any major revision. The percentage of questionnaire result from media expert was 90.48 % and from material expert was at 96.75 %. To short, the digital book has filled the requirement of book standardization. Therefore, the digital book based on sigil could be used as learning source for the module of European History.
This study analyses collaborative governance in sustainable ecotourism development in Magelang Regency, Central Java province. Strengthening the collaboration of the three actors is needed in developing ecotourism because it comprehensively regulates natural destinations responsible for the sustainability of natural life, economic activity, and community welfare simultaneously. To explain further the fundamental phenomena that occur in sustainable development. The goal is to create a new environmental friendly concept while also improving people's welfare, the economy, and peaceful social activities. Data were collected from in-depth interviews and observations. Interviews were conducted with 8 local government staffs, 22 ecotourism managers, and 42 communities around the destination. Then an analysis was carried out with Nvivo12+ to see the collaboration of sustainable Ecotourism governance in Magelang Regency. Three variables become benchmarks in the study: planning, implementation, and utilization. Each was measured by using six indicators. The study results showed significant local communities and businesses/private involvement in managing and developing ecotourism. Meanwhile, the local government actors need to strengthen their involvement and response in ecotourism development. So far, the response has been relatively slow and waiting for the independent development of destinations that the community has carried out. Therefore, in the future, it is necessary to strengthen collaboration to ensure effective management of natural resources in ecotourism, which can be achieved through the support and cooperation of local government agencies, businesses/private, and the communities.
Disaster preparedness is an absolute prerequisite for the devel-opment of disaster risk reduction. This means that there is no awareness of danger disaster, then the high possibility of both physical and material losses is an inevitable matter. It is a must for humans to be sensitive and care for various possible disasters that can occur in the vicinity stay. Education on disaster mitigation needs to be introduced to the community. This is im-portant to create residents who are responsive and ready for disaster. This paper aims to develop learning media supported by the use of smartphones to increase literacy about volcanic eruption disaster mitigation. This study using research and development with the 4D model. The results of this de-velopment are mobile encyclopedia packaged in a smartphone application as a media for volcanic eruption disaster mitigation education. Media and mate-rial validation show that the product being developed is very good and worth testing. Besides, the results of media validation by indicator: attracting at-tention, interactivity, presentation of learning material, feedback, quality of learning, training showed benefits and students were enthusiastic in learning using this media. This product can be an alternative media for the 21st-century that applies mobile in the learning process
People face many injustice practices at present. This will be a national concern. Justice which should be guaranteed by the standing law does not execute as common. Montesquieu concerns on the justice and law. Government should look at a law as an independent power from the executive power. Therefore, law should be fitted with the concrete situation of a nation and should not be following the authority's will. Montesquieu with his justice spirit inspires the way of revolution. He makes an analogy of king and pope as the liars. They place people as a duping object. He is also claimed as one of philosophers in France. This paper will discuss the meaning of justice and its relation to the spirit of revolution.
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