[1] The first regional synthesis of long-term (back to~25 years at some stations) primary data (from direct measurement) on aerosol optical depth from the ARFINET (network of aerosol observatories established under the Aerosol Radiative Forcing over India (ARFI) project of Indian Space Research Organization over Indian subcontinent) have revealed a statistically significant increasing trend with a significant seasonal variability. Examining the current values of turbidity coefficients with those reported~50 years ago reveals the phenomenal nature of the increase in aerosol loading. Seasonally, the rate of increase is consistently high during the dry months (December to March) over the entire region whereas the trends are rather inconsistent and weak during the premonsoon (April to May) and summer monsoon period (June to September). The trends in the spectral variation of aerosol optical depth (AOD) reveal the significance of anthropogenic activities on the increasing trend in AOD. Examining these with climate variables such as seasonal and regional rainfall, it is seen that the dry season depicts a decreasing trend in the total number of rainy days over the Indian region. The insignificant trend in AOD observed over the Indo-Gangetic Plain, a regional hot spot of aerosols, during the premonsoon and summer monsoon season is mainly attributed to the competing effects of dust transport and wet removal of aerosols by the monsoon rain. Contributions of different aerosol chemical species to the total dust, simulated using Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport model over the ARFINET stations, showed an increasing trend for all the anthropogenic components and a decreasing trend for dust, consistent with the inference deduced from trend in Angstrom exponent.

Aerosol emissions from biomass burning are of specific interest over the globe due to their strong radiative impacts and climate implications. The present study examines the impact of paddy crop residue burning over northern India during the postmonsoon (October-November) season of 2012 on modification of aerosol properties, as well as the long-range transport of smoke plumes, altitude characteristics, and affected areas via the synergy of ground-based measurements and satellite observations. During this period, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images show a thick smoke/hazy aerosol layer below 2-2.5 km in the atmosphere covering nearly the whole Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). The air mass trajectories originating from the biomass-burning source region over Punjab at 500 m reveal a potential aerosol transport pathway along the Ganges valley from west to east, resulting in a strong aerosol optical depth (AOD) gradient. Sometimes, depending upon the wind direction and meteorological conditions, the plumes also influence central India, the Arabian Sea, and the Bay of Bengal, thus contributing to Asian pollution outflow. The increased number of fire counts (Terra and Aqua MODIS data) is associated with severe aerosol-laden atmospheres (AOD 500 nm > 1.0) over six IGP locations, high values of Ångström exponent (>1.2), high particulate mass 2.5 (PM 2.5 ) concentrations (>100-150 μgm À3 ), and enhanced Ozone Monitoring Instrument Aerosol Index gradient (~2.5) and NO 2 concentrations (~6 × 10 15 mol/cm 2 ), indicating the dominance of smoke aerosols from agricultural crop residue burning. The aerosol size distribution is shifted toward the fine-mode fraction, also exhibiting an increase in the radius of fine aerosols due to coagulation processes in a highly turbid environment. The spectral variation of the single-scattering albedo reveals enhanced dominance of moderately absorbing aerosols, while the aerosol properties, modification, and mixing atmospheric processes differentiate along the IGP sites depending on the distance from the aerosol source, urban influence, and local characteristics.

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A B S T R A C T Characteristics and emission budget of carbonaceous species from two distinct post-harvest agricultural-waste (paddy-and wheat-residue) burning emissions have been studied from a source region (Patiala: 30.28N, 76.38E; 250 m amsl) in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), Northern India. The PM 2.5 mass concentration varies from 60 to 390 mg m (3 during paddy-residue burning (OctoberÁNovember) with dominant contribution from organic carbon (OC:33%), whereas contribution from elemental carbon (EC) centres at Â4%. Watersoluble organic carbon (WSOC) accounts for about 50% of OC. In contrast, mass concentration of PM 2.5 during the period of wheat-residue burning (AprilÁMay) is significantly lower, varies from 18 to 123 mg m (3 and mass fractions of EC and OC are 7 and 26%, respectively. The diagnostic ratios of OC/EC (1192), WSOC/OC (0.5290.02), nss-K ' /OC (0.0690.00) and SPAHs/EC (4.390.7 mg/g) from paddy-residue burning emissions are significantly different than those from wheat-residue burning (OC/EC: 3.090.4; WSOC/OC: 0.6090.03; nss-K ' /OC: 0.1490.01 and SPAHs/EC: 1.390.2 mg/g). The emission budget of OC, EC and SPAHs from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning in the IGP are estimated to be 505968 Gg/y, 5992 Gg/y and 182932 Mg/y, respectively. From a global perspective, crop-residue burning in Northern India contributes nearly 20% of both OC and EC to the total emission budget from the agricultural-waste burning.

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