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In the present article, an effective, one-step, and environmentally benign protocol for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles has been discussed. The black cardamom extract is used as a reducing agent for HAuCl4.3H2O. In order to synthesize gold nanoparticles, an aqueous solution of HAuCl4.3H2O was mixed with an optimized concentration of black cardamom extract where 1,8-cineole is the dominant component. Choosing black cardamom extract as a reducing agent can be justified under the light of the fact that it has a very fast reducing ability. Gold nanoparticles with different shapes and sizes were synthesized by varying the ratio of AuCl4 ions to black cardamom extract. Kinetics of reactions has been evaluated through monitoring of surface plasmon behavior of gold nanoparticles as a function of time. Based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies, a tentative mechanism of reduction of Au nanoparticles has also been proposed which includes oxidation of 1,8-cineole to 2-oxo-1,8-cineole. Further, a comprehensive study to investigate the effect of pH on the synthesis of Au nanoparticles has been carried out.

In this article, we proposed a facile one-step synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles of different shapes and sizes by co-precipitation of FeCl2 with piperidine. A careful investigation of TEM micrographs shows that the shape and size of nanoparticles can be tuned by varying the molarity of piperidine. XRD patterns match the standard phase of the spinal structure of Fe3O4 which confirms the formation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that molar concentration of FeCl2 solution plays a significant role in determining the shape and size of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Changes in the shape and sizes of Fe3O4 nanoparticles which are influenced by the molar concentration of FeCl2 can easily be explained with the help of surface free energy minimization principle. Further, to study the magnetic behavior of synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles, magnetization vs. magnetic field (M-H) and magnetization vs. temperature (M-T) measurements were carried out by using Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS). These results show systematic changes in various magnetic parameters like remanent magnetization (Mr), saturation magnetization (Ms), coercivity (Hc), and blocking temperature (T B) with shapes and sizes of Fe3O4. These variations of magnetic properties of different shaped Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be explained with surface effect and finite size effect.

This work reports a detailed study of reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-FeO nanoparticle composite as an excellent electromagnetic (EM) interference shielding material in GHz range. A rGO-FeO nanoparticle composite was synthesized using a facile, one step, and modified solvothermal method with the reaction of FeCl, ethylenediamine and graphite oxide powder in the presence of ethylene glycol. Various structural, microstructural and optical characterization tools were used to determine its synthesis and various properties. Dielectric, magnetic and EM shielding parameters were also evaluated to estimate its performance as a shielding material for EM waves. X-ray diffraction patterns have provided information about the structural and crystallographic properties of the as-synthesized material. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs revealed the information regarding the exfoliation of graphite into rGO. Well-dispersed FeO nanoparticles over the surface of the graphene can easily be seen by employing transmission electron microscopy. For comparison, rGO nanosheets and FeO nanoparticles have also been synthesized and characterized in a similar fashion. A plot of the dielectric and magnetic characterizations provides some useful information related to various losses and the relaxation process. Shielding effectiveness due to reflection (SE), shielding effectiveness due to absorption (SE), and total shielding effectiveness (SE) were also plotted against frequency over a broad range (8-12 GHz). A significant change in all parameters (SE value from 5 dB to 35 dB for FeO nanoparticles to rGO-FeO nanoparticle composite) was found. An actual shielding effectiveness (SE) up to 55 dB was found in the rGO-FeO nanoparticle composite. These graphs give glimpses of how significantly this material shows shielding effectiveness over a broad range of frequency.

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