Maraging steels are among the highest strength steels commercially available. Despite being relatively rare and expensive, they may present a yield strength around 3 GPa and are indispensable for various applications. In the present paper, several aspects will be reviewed related to maraging steels including a brief history of its development, microstructure and acting hardening mechanisms, loss of toughness with the tensile strength increase, resistance to oxidation, and corrosion, nitriding behavior, and future perspectives.

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Maraging steels are precipitation hardening alloys that can achieve an ultra-high yield strength (~3 GPa), however associated with low toughness. During exposure to high temperatures, an oxidation process occurs on the surface of these steels, generally, the oxides formed are hematite and/or magnetite. The aim of this study was to investigate oxidation on a maraging 13Ni15Co10Mo at annealing temperature of 900 °C. The bulk microstructure was investigated by several complementary techniques and the oxidized surface was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the bulk microstructure, at annealed condition, consists of a lath martensite with a hardness of round 400 HV. The most external and oxidized surface contains the oxides hematite, magnetite and kamiokite. Finally, the presence of austenite was detected in the first 2 μm below the surface. Chemical microanalysis indicated that the austenite is stable at room temperature in this region due a composition gradient that makes this region rich in nickel and cobalt. The composition gradient is due atom diffusion during oxides formation. Austenite near to the surface is very convenient as it could avoid crack initiation and propagation, improving toughness.

, microestrutura e propriedades de compósitos à base de cobre reforçados com alumina e céria. 2018. 136 p. Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear-Materiais)-Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares-IPEN-CNEN/SP. São Paulo. Compósitos de matriz metálica combinam diferentes classes de materiais a fim de obter novas propriedades, superiores às dos materiais originais. A adição de partículas cerâmicas (reforço) em ligas de cobre pode melhorar suas propriedades mecânicas sem gerar grande perda na condutividade elétrica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo processar e estudar a microestrutura e propriedades (condutividade elétrica, dureza e fratura) de compósitos à base de cobre reforçados com alumina e céria. As amostras foram processadas pela técnica de metalurgia do pó: pesagem, mistura (sem bolas por 30min a 46 rpm), compactação (uniaxial à frio com pressão de 1080 Mpa por 10s) e sinterização (800°C por 6h sob vácuo de 10-5 torr). As análises de MO, MEV, EDS e DRX (com refinamento Rietveld) indicaram boa coalescência das partículas, formando superfície continua e com baixa porosidade. A alumina formou regiões aglomeradas da ordem de 20 µm, a céria ficou finamente dispersa nos contornos de grão do cobre com algumas regiões aglomeradas, o cromo formou regiões de cerca de 100 µm e não teve distribuição completamente uniforme ao longo da matriz, a prata formou solução sólida com o cobre e, durante o resfriamento lento, formou precipitados menores do que 5 µm uniformemente dispersos no interior dos grãos de cobre. Os compósitos apresentaram condutividade elétrica entre 15 e 40 %IACS, dureza entre 62 e 88 HV5 e as fractografias apresentaram fratura mista e regiões indicando boa adesão matriz-reforço. Em relação ao cobre puro, foi observado efetivo aumento na dureza (cerca de 2x), porém, em todos os compósitos, o acréscimo da fase cerâmica acarretou na diminuição da condutividade elétrica. Os compósitos de Cu-8%(Al2O3, CeO2) foram os que apresentaram melhor equilíbrio entre essas duas propriedades, com condutividade de 40 e 38 %IACS e dureza de 63 e 69 HV5.

Copper-based composites strengthened by ceria nanoparticles were processed by conventional powder metallurgy: mixing (30 min and 46 rpm), compaction (cold, uniaxial, 1080 MPa for 10 s) and sintering (800˚C for 6 h in vacuum atmosphere of 10 −5 torr). It was studied the microstructure (optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy), X-ray diffraction with Rietveld refinement and some properties (electrical conductivity, Vickers hardness and fracture analysis) of the compositions 92 wt% Cu -8 wt% CeO 2 and 80 wt% Cu -20 wt% CeO 2 . The results showed uniform phase distribution, low porosity and ceria disperse inside copper grain. In despite of properties, the composites had electrical conductivity of 38% IACS and 15% IACS and hardness of 69 and 88 HV 5 , respectively. The results of 92 wt% Cu -8 wt% CeO 2 composites were promising, and they are in according with actual literature. Hardness searches is to get values of electrical conductivity who allow commercial uses of the material [1] [2] [3]. Various inert particles such as SiC, SiO