Cystectomy and omentoplasty for CE should be the standard surgical procedure because it is safe, simple, and effective and meets all criteria of surgical treatment for hydatid disease: entire elimination of the parasite, no intraoperative spillage especially by using a cone, and saving healthy tissue. Pericystectomy should be used for peripherally located liver cysts that are surrounded by parenchyma only partially. Ultrasonic classification of the parasitic lesion should be used as a guideline for therapeutic measures.

Curative surgery for AE is feasible if the parasitic mass is removable entirely. The earlier the stage, the more frequent is R0 resectability. The observance of a minimal safe distance increases the rate of R0 resections. The benefit of palliative surgery is uncertain due to favorable long-term results of medical treatment alone. However, necrotic tissue is at risk of bacterial superinfection, which can cause life-threatening sepsis. Palliative surgery is an option to treat complications, which could not be managed otherwise.

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Curative surgery for AE is feasible if parasitic tissue is entirely removable. The benefit of palliative resections is uncertain because long-term results of conservative treatment are favorable. Palliative surgery is an option for complications not being manageable otherwise.

Patients with multiple injuries initially have temporary endotoxemia. Endotoxin may be suggested as a stimulator of the synthesis of antiendotoxin antibodies, in particular of the IgA and IgM class in patients with multiple injuries.

Objectives The ESAS is a clinical symptom assessment tool developed for patients receiving palliative care for pain and symptom control. Recent studies have indicated that patients have difficulty understanding terminology and correct use of the ESAS, and that they appreciate the presence of a health care provider (HCP) to assist with ESAS completion. As appropriate assessment translates into effective treatment, it is important that HCPs have a good understanding of the tool. The purpose of this study was to assess HCPs' use, knowledge, and training needs of the ESAS. Methods One hundred ninety-three HCPs in palliative care and chronic pain, who used the ESAS, were invited to participate in a survey. Results The response rate was 43 % (n =83), with 62 % nurses, 26 % physicians, and 12 % other specialties. Most participants were palliative care specialists (79 %). The majority (77 %) had a good understanding of the ESAS terms. Knowledge problems included distinguishing tiredness and drowsiness (25 %), interpreting shortness of breath as a combination of subjective and objective symptoms (19 %), not indicating current symptom level (14 %), and reverse scoring of well-being (13 %) and appetite (9 %). Reported challenges were misinterpretation of some ESAS terms, assessing patients with impaired communication, and lack of time and reliability of caregiver assessments. Participants offered suggestions regarding how their knowledge and use of the ESAS could be improved. Conclusions Suggestions for improving ESAS administration and training were to include term definitions and examples of how to ask about terms that might be challenging for patients. Furthermore, initial and ongoing training sessions might help to clarify issues with the tool.

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding is frequent in the elderly secondary to diverticular disease and occurs in about 10-30%. It is the most frequent cause of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage (about 40% of cases) followed by angiodysplasia (up to 20% of cases). The incidence of both diseases increase with age, but the patient's general condition and state of health decrease. Often cardiovascular morbidity coexists, resulting in an eventual risk of ischemic consequences. The intensity of bleeding varies from massive to occult. In diverticular disease, hemorrhage is caused by rupture or erosion of the vasa recti stretched by diverticula. Classically inflammation is absent. Although most diverticula (> 90%) are located in the sigmoid colon, bleeding originates more frequently from the right (> 50%) than the left colon. The preferred diagnostic tool following resuscitation is colonoscopy with an ability to locate the site of bleeding in up to 90% of cases. Additionally, injections and thermocoagulation are available to control bleeding endoscopically with a success rate of about 27%. Angiography is considerably variable concerning positive results (13.6-86%), has a complication rate of about 10% and is expensive. Hence, it is a second-line diagnostic method. Diverticular hemorrhage will cease spontaneously in about 90% of cases. Therefore, conservative treatment is preferred. Patients with persistent, massive or recurrent bleeding despite active conservative measures require surgical treatment. If surgical intervention is necessary, the site of hemorrhage must be sought to allow segmental resection. However, if the source of blood loss cannot be located, a subtotal colectomy is justified.