The study aimed to identify factors associated with the introduction of inappropriate complementary feeding in the first year of life in children living in municipalities (counties) with low socioeconomic statusl. This was a cross-sectional multicenter study in 1,567 children 12 to 59 months of age in 48 municipalities participating in the Brazil Without Poverty plan in the South of Brazil. A structured questionnaire was applied to the children's parents to obtain socio-demographic information and the age at which inappropriate complementary foods were introduced for the first time in complementary feeding. Prevalence of introduction of sugar before four months of age was 35.5% (n = 497; 95%CI: 33.1-38.0). The prevalence rates for the introduction of cookies/crackers, creamy yogurt, and jelly before six months of age were 20.4% (n = 287; 95%CI: 18.3-22.3), 24.8% (n = 349; 95%CI: 22.4-27.1), and 13.8% (n = 192; 95%CI: 12.0-15.7), respectively. Associations were identified between low maternal schooling (PR = 1.25; 95%CI: 1.03-1.51) and low monthly family income (PR = 1.22; CI95%: 1.01-1.48) and the introduction of inappropriate complementary feeding. The study identified the introduction of inappropriate complementary feeding in the first year of life among children in municipalities with high socioeconomic vulnerability in the South of Brazil, associated with low maternal schooling and low monthly family income.

About one-third of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) are coinfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) because of shared transmission routes. Studies report that HIV-1 complicates hepatitis C infection by increasing HCV viral load and reducing spontaneous clearance. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) upstream of the IL28B gene have been associated with spontaneous and treatment-induced clearance of HCV infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the SNP rs12979860 of the IL28B gene and spontaneous clearance of HCV infection in a Brazilian HIV-1 population. The SNP was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction digestion in 138 anti-HCV-positive patients. Spontaneous clearance was observed in 34 subjects (24.6%). Genotype distribution was significantly different between spontaneous clearance and HCV chronic patients. The CT/TT genotypes conferred a nearly 3-fold increased odds to chronic HCV infection relative to the CC genotype (odds ratio, 2.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-6.64; p=0.011). In conclusion, the rs12979860 polymorphism is associated with spontaneous clearance of HCV in HIV-1 Brazilian infected patients.

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência dos subtipos do HIV-1 e analisar fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com amostra de conveniência de 80 pacientes adultos HIV-positivos atendidos em serviço especializado em DST/Aids em Canoas, RS, no período de julho de 2008 a janeiro de 2009. A determinação dos subtipos do HIV foi realizada por amplificação de fragmento do genoma viral pela reação em cadeia da polimerase seguida do seqüenciamento dos fragmentos amplificados. Variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e comportamentais foram coletadas em questionário estruturado. Foi realizada análise estatística univariada utilizando os testes de qui-quadrado e t de Student. RESULTADOS: Foi observada uma prevalência maior do subtipo C (43,8%; IC 95%: 32,9;54,6), seguida pelo CRF31_BC (35,0%; IC 95%: 24,6;45,5) e subtipos B (18,8%; IC 95%: 10,2;27,3) e F (2,4%; IC 95%: 0;5,9). Outros subtipos de HIV-1 não foram observados. Pacientes infectados com CRF31_BC apresentaram diagnóstico mais recente do que os pacientes infectados com o subtipo B (p < 0,05). Observou-se também maior freqüência de co-infecção com outros vírus (hepatites B e C e T-linfotrópicos humanos) nos indivíduos portadores do CRF31_BC do que nos demais subtipos. Com relação aos aspectos sociodemográficos, não foram observadas diferenças na distribuição dos subtipos e formas recombinantes quanto ao sexo e práticas sexuais. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados obtidos indicam uma freqüência maior do subtipo C e do CRF31_BC nesse centro urbano do sul do Brasil, com possíveis vias de transmissão diferentes.

We studied hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence and risk factors for HCV infection in a sample of Brazilian HIV-positive patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 580 HIV-positive patients from a specialized HIV/AIDS diagnosis and treatment centre in southern Brazil. All patients were interviewed for socio-demographic and risk factors and tested for HCV antibodies and HCV-RNA detection. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors for HCV infection. A total of 138 (24%) patients had past or chronic hepatitis C. The following risk factors were associated with HCV infection for each gender: alcohol misuse and injecting drug use in women (P < 0·001) and low educational level, smoking drug use, and injecting drug use in men (P < 0·01). These results suggest that alcohol misuse, low educational level, smoking drug use, and injecting drug use are probable risk factors for HCV infection in HIV-positive patients. This information contributes to an understanding of the epidemiology of HIV/HCV co-infection in Brazil.

Approximately one-third of the individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are co-infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Co-infected patients have an increased risk for developing end-stage liver diseases. Variants upstream of the IFNL3 gene have been associated with spontaneous and treatment-induced clearance of HCV infection. Recently, a novel polymorphism was discovered, denoted IFNL4 ΔG > TT (rs368234815), which seems to be a better predictor of spontaneous clearance than the IFNL4 rs12979860 polymorphism. We aimed to determine the prevalence of the IFNL4 ΔG > TT variants and to evaluate the association with spontaneous clearance of HCV infection in Brazilian HIV-1 patients. The IFNL4 ΔG > TT genotypes were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction digestion in 138 HIV-1 positive patients who had an anti-HCV positive result. Spontaneous clearance of HCV was observed in 34 individuals (24.6%). IFNL4 genotype distribution was significantly different between individuals who had spontaneous clearance and chronic HCV patients (p=0.002). The probability of spontaneous clearance of HCV infection for patients with the IFNL4 TT/TT genotype was 3.6 times higher than for patients carrying the IFNL4 ΔG allele (OR=3.63, 95% CI:1.51-8.89, p=0.001). The IFNL4 ΔG > TT polymorphism seems to be better than IFNL4 rs12979860 to predict spontaneous clearance of the HCV in Brazilian HIV-1 positive patients.

Few studies have investigated the simultaneous effect of individual and contextual factors on the occurrences of anemia. This study aims to evaluate the variability of children’s hemoglobin levels from municipalities in social vulnerability and its association with factors of individual and municipal nature. This is a cross-sectional, multi-center study, with children data (12-59 months) collected from 48 municipalities of the Southern region of Brazil, that were included in the Brazil Without Poverty Plan. Individuals’ data were collected using a structured questionnaire, and secondary and ecological data of children’s municipalities were collected via national surveys and institutional websites. The outcome was defined as the hemoglobin level obtained by HemoCue. A multilevel analysis was performed using Generalized Linear Models for Location Scale and Shape using R, with a 5% significance level. A total of 1,501 children were evaluated. The mean hemoglobin level was 12.8g/dL (95%CI: 12.7-12.8), with significant variability between municipalities. Lower values of hemoglobin were observed in children who lived in municipalities with a higher urbanization rate and a lower number of Community Health Agents, in relation to the reference categories. At the individual level, lower hemoglobin values were identified for children under 24 months, not enrolled at daycares, who were beneficiaries of the conditional cash transfer program and diagnosed with underweight. The results shed light on important factors at the municipal and the individual levels that were associated to the hemoglobin levels of children living in municipalities in social vulnerability.

The results of this study suggest a possible effect of the Arg48His genotype on the protection against HD in HIV-1-positive individuals.

Home fortification with multiple micronutrient powder (MNP) is effective in the prevention of anemia in young children. However, the impact on their vitamin A status remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of MNP on vitamin A status in young Brazilian children. A multicenter pragmatic, controlled trial was carried out in primary health centers in four Brazilian cities. In the beginning of the study, the control group (CG) consisted of children 11-14 months old (n = 395) attending in routine pediatric health care. In parallel, the intervention group (IG) was composed of children 6-8 months old (n = 399), in the same health centers, who followed the intervention with MNP for 2-3 months. The analysis of the effect of MNP on vitamin A status was performed by comparing the IG with the CG after a 4- to 6-month follow-up when IG children had reached the age of the controls. The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (VAD; serum retinol <0.70 μmol/L) in the CG was 16.2%, while in the IG was 7.5%-a 55% reduction in the VAD [prevalence ratio (95% confidence interval) = 0.45 (0.28; 0.72)]. This reduction was also significant when stratifying the study centers by coverage of the Brazilian Vitamin A Supplementation Program. The adjusted mean of vitamin A serum concentrations improved in the IG compared with CG children, with a shift to the right in the vitamin A distribution. Home fortification with MNP was effective in reducing VAD among young Brazilian children.