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Polyimides and ionic liquids (ILs) are two classes of materials that have been widely studied as gas separation membranes, each demonstrating respective advantages and limitations. Both polyimides and ILs are amenable to modification/functionalization based on selection of the requisite precursors. However, there have been but a handful of reports considering how polyimides and ILs could be integrated to obtain fundamentally new materials with synergistic properties. In this manuscript, we demonstrate a new and versatile way to synthesize polyimides with imidazolium cations directly located within the polymer backbone to form polyimide−ionene hybrids, or "ionic polyimides". Our strategy for synthesizing ionic polyimides does not require the use of amino-functionalized ILs. Instead, the imidization reaction occurs prior to polymerization in the formation of an imidazole-functionalized diimide monomer. This monomer is then reacted via step-growth (condensation) polymerization with p-dichloroxylene via Menshutkin reactions, simultaneously linking the monomers and creating the ionic components. The resultant ionic polyimide is amenable to thermal processing (e.g., extrusion, melt-pressing) and capable of forming thin films. Upon soaking thin films of the ionic polyimide in a widely used IL, 1butyl-3-methylimidazolium bistriflimide ([C 4 mim][Tf 2 N]), a stoichiometric absorption of the IL into the ionic polyimide was observed, forming an ionic polyimide + IL composite. The gas separation performances of ionic polyimide and ionic polyimide + IL composite membranes were studied with respect to CO 2 , N 2 , CH 4 , and H 2 . The neat ionic polyimide exhibits low permeability to CO 2 and H 2 (∼0.9 and ∼1.6 barrers, respectively) and very low permeability to N 2 and CH 4 (∼0.03 barrers for both). For the ionic polyimide + IL composite, the permeabilities of CO 2 , N 2 , and CH 4 increase by 1800−2700%, while H 2 permeability only increased by ∼200%. The large increases in permeability for CO 2 , N 2 , and CH 4 are due to greatly increased gas diffusivity through the material, with gas solubility essentially unchanged with the IL present. The ionic polyimide and ionic polyimide + IL composite were characterized using a number of techniques. Most interestingly, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) of the films reveals that the ionic polyimide + IL composite displays a sharp peak, indicating that the ionic polyimide may experience supramolecular assembly around the IL. Although the performances of these first ionic polyimide and ionic polyimide + IL composite membranes fall short of Robeson's Upper Bounds, this work provides a strong foundation on which ionic polyimide materials with more sophisticated structural elements can be developed to understand the structure−property relationships underlying the ionic polyimide platform and ultimately produce high-performance gas separation membranes.

Preparation of cellulose-polyamine composite films and beads, which provide high loading of primary amines on the surface allowing direct one-step bioconjugation of active species, is reported using an ionic liquid (IL) dissolution and regeneration process. Films and bead architectures were prepared and used as immobilization supports for laccase as a model system demonstrating the applicability of this approach. Performance of these materials, compared to commercially available products, has been assessed using millimeter-sized beads of the composites and the lipase-catalyzed transesterification of ethyl butyrate.

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Surface-active cellulose films for covalent attachment of bioactive moieties were achieved by codissolution of cellulose with polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers in an ionic liquid followed by regeneration of the composite as a film. Different generations of PAMAM were used for the formation of cellulose-dendrimer composites, as well as films with the dendrimer covalently bonded to the cellulose by means of the linker 1,3-phenylene diisocyanate. Surface characterization, thermal stability, and utility for immobilization of laccase were determined. The presence of the dendrimer amino groups was confirmed by detailed characterization of the films' surfaces. These modified films exhibit acceptable thermal stability, comparable to that of other regenerated cellulose films, but the number of active functional groups on the surface is much smaller than the theoretical amount expected. Films made with 1,3-phenylene diisocyanate as linker for covalently bound cellulose and dendrimers exhibit a better performance for immobilization of laccase than those prepared by simple mixing of the cellulose and dendrimer. In general, a linear correspondence between the dendrimer generation within the films and the specific activity of immobilized laccase in such films was not observed.

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Fuels produced from renewable sources offer an economically viable pathway to curtail emissions of greenhouse gases. Two such liquid fuels in common usage are biodiesel and ethanol derived from soybean, corn, or other food crops. In recent years, significant effort has been devoted to identify alternate feedstock sources and conversion techniques to diversify the biofuels portfolio. In this study, we have measured emissions from flames of diesel, biodiesel, emulsified bio-oil, and diesel-biodiesel blends. Experiments are conducted in an atmospheric pressure burner with an air-atomized injector and swirling primary air around it to replicate typical features of a gas turbine combustor. Experiments were conducted for fixed air and fuel flow rates, while the airflow split between the injector and the coflow swirler was varied. Results show a significant reduction in emissions as the fraction of total air fed into the atomizer is increased. Blue flames, reminiscent of premixed combustion, and low emissions of nitric oxides and carbon monoxide were observed for all fuel blends. In general, the emissions from biofuel flames were comparable or lower than those from diesel flames.

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