Polyimides and ionic liquids (ILs) are two classes of materials that have been widely studied as gas separation membranes, each demonstrating respective advantages and limitations. Both polyimides and ILs are amenable to modification/functionalization based on selection of the requisite precursors. However, there have been but a handful of reports considering how polyimides and ILs could be integrated to obtain fundamentally new materials with synergistic properties. In this manuscript, we demonstrate a new and versatile way to synthesize polyimides with imidazolium cations directly located within the polymer backbone to form polyimide−ionene hybrids, or "ionic polyimides". Our strategy for synthesizing ionic polyimides does not require the use of amino-functionalized ILs. Instead, the imidization reaction occurs prior to polymerization in the formation of an imidazole-functionalized diimide monomer. This monomer is then reacted via step-growth (condensation) polymerization with p-dichloroxylene via Menshutkin reactions, simultaneously linking the monomers and creating the ionic components. The resultant ionic polyimide is amenable to thermal processing (e.g., extrusion, melt-pressing) and capable of forming thin films. Upon soaking thin films of the ionic polyimide in a widely used IL, 1butyl-3-methylimidazolium bistriflimide ([C 4 mim][Tf 2 N]), a stoichiometric absorption of the IL into the ionic polyimide was observed, forming an ionic polyimide + IL composite. The gas separation performances of ionic polyimide and ionic polyimide + IL composite membranes were studied with respect to CO 2 , N 2 , CH 4 , and H 2 . The neat ionic polyimide exhibits low permeability to CO 2 and H 2 (∼0.9 and ∼1.6 barrers, respectively) and very low permeability to N 2 and CH 4 (∼0.03 barrers for both). For the ionic polyimide + IL composite, the permeabilities of CO 2 , N 2 , and CH 4 increase by 1800−2700%, while H 2 permeability only increased by ∼200%. The large increases in permeability for CO 2 , N 2 , and CH 4 are due to greatly increased gas diffusivity through the material, with gas solubility essentially unchanged with the IL present. The ionic polyimide and ionic polyimide + IL composite were characterized using a number of techniques. Most interestingly, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) of the films reveals that the ionic polyimide + IL composite displays a sharp peak, indicating that the ionic polyimide may experience supramolecular assembly around the IL. Although the performances of these first ionic polyimide and ionic polyimide + IL composite membranes fall short of Robeson's Upper Bounds, this work provides a strong foundation on which ionic polyimide materials with more sophisticated structural elements can be developed to understand the structure−property relationships underlying the ionic polyimide platform and ultimately produce high-performance gas separation membranes.
1,2,3-Trimethoxypropane (1,2,3-TMP) is the trimethyl ether of propane-1,2,3-triol, better known as glycerol, which can be derived from triglycerides originating from either plant or animal sources. Despite its simple structure and the ubiquity of its glycerol precursor, successful synthesis of 1,2,3-TMP was only recently reported in the literature, with studies suggesting it may be a "green" and nontoxic alternative to solvents such as diglyme, a constitutional isomer. However, no thermophysical properties of 1,2,3-TMP have yet been reported. Furthermore, the structure of 1,2,3-TMP is also analogous to polyether solvents used in the Selexol process for removal of CO 2 and other "acid" gases from CH 4 , H 2 , etc. As such, examining the solubility of CO 2 in 1,2,3-TMP is also of interest. This work details our initial studies and characterization of 1,2,3-TMP as a physical solvent for CO 2 absorption, as well as the characterization of its density, viscosity, and vapor pressure with respect to temperature. 1,2,3-TMP exhibits favorable properties, and glycerol-derived triethers warrant deeper consideration as new solvents for CO 2 absorption and other gas treating applications.
Introducing PEGylated moieties into the counterion structure of API–ILs can significantly enhance the transport through a membrane without a solvent.
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