In Ethiopia very limited studies were conducted in small ruminant hydatidosis compared to cattle. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Modjo Luna Export Slaughter House from December 2009 to February 2010 to determine the prevalence and fertility of hydatid cysts. A total of 325 sheep and 440 goats were examined. Examination of lung, liver, kidney, heart and carcass was conducted following standard postmortem procedures. Fertility of hydatid cysts was tested by absence or presence of motility and staining with 0.1% aqueous eosin solution. Out of 325 sheep and 440 goats examined 25 (7.7%) sheep and 27(6.13%) goats had hydatid cysts. The prevalence was high in sheep compared to goats although the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The organ distribution of hydatid cyst in sheep was 15 (60%) in lung, 9 (36%) in liver and 1 (4%) both the liver and lungs. In goats, hydatid cysts were recovered from 19 (70%) of the lung, 5 (18.5%) of the liver, 1 (3.7%) of the kidney, 2 (7.4%) of the heart and 2 (7.4%) of the muscle. In both sheep and goats the infection was more in lungs, followed by liver. Eighty percent of the cysts found in the lung of sheep were fertile, while there was no fertile cyst detected in the lung of goats and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). In Ethiopia, to break the life cycle of echinococcosis/hydatidosis, public education on habit of feeding condemned organs to dogs should be undertaken.

Background: Oral health related illness is among serious public-health problems and the fourth most expensive diseases to treat in developing country. According to WHO estimation, in Ethiopia 71% of the population are affected by oral health related illness. Although oral health related illness is affecting the majority of Ethiopian, much is not known about the extents and the factors influencing the occurrence of oral health related illnesses; oral care practices and health care seeking behaviors.

Repair of complete bilateral cleft lip with protruding premaxilla is challenging, and postoperative dehiscence was common. Re-repair is usually suggested for the dehisced lip, but other methods might be needed in unique situations. Evaluation was performed to check the presence of prolabial skin, wound scarring, and the position of premaxilla. Reconstruction plan was made to restore the anatomical components as possible and to repair under minimal tension. Two patients with major dehiscence were reported. In the first case, separation from the columella base and tissue destruction in central lip were noted. Repeated complete dehiscence on one side was reported in the second case before he was referred to our center. The premaxilla was protruding in both cases. Abbe flap was performed as delayed procedure in the first case. Reposition of the premaxilla in conjunction with lip repair was required in the second case. In both cases, adequate muscle approximation plus subcutaneous retention sutures were used to cope with the tension, and satisfactory healing was achieved. It is concluded that additional methods could be required for the reconstruction of major dehiscence after bilateral cleft lip repair. Careful planning and surgical execution ensured successful outcome.

Background: Children are most vulnerable to stunting in developing countries because of inadequate health services, poor water and sanitation, poor maternal and child care practices and insufficient access to food. Malnutrition in Ethiopia, in the form of stunting is higher than other forms of malnutrition among under five children.

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of major food-borne pathogens has become an increasing public health problem worldwide. A cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2019 to July 2021 in high-potential meat and dairy products and commercial animal feed supply chain areas of Ethiopia. The objectives of the study was assessing AMR profile of target bacterial pathogens isolated from animal sources foods (ASFs) and feed. A total of 642 ASFs and feed samples collected from selected sampling sites were examined at the microbiology laboratory of animal products, veterinary drugs, and feed quality assessment center. Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) were conducted using an automated Vitek 2 XL compact system. Out of 642 investigated samples, 24 different genera and 59 species of bacteria were identified. A total of 185 samples were positive for target bacteria of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Species. The AST results showed AMR of target bacteria isolates against some of the tested antimicrobials. Of these, 83%, 55%, and 92% isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Species, showed high level of AMR to Benzylpenicillin, Tetracycline, and Cefalexin/Gentamicin, respectively. The target bacteria isolated from ASFs and feed demonstrated multidrug resistance against some of the tested antimicrobials having public and veterinary importance. This reflects that ASFs and feed could serve as one of the sources for the spread and transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens. Hence, there is a need for improving hygiene and sanitation practices along the ASFs and feed supply chains. Besides raising community awareness about the risks of AMR, emphasis on the rational use of antimicrobials in animal health practice and further investigations on AMR are recommended.

Background Ethiopia Population-based HIV Impact Assessment findings showed that in Addis Ababa, only 65.2% of people living with HIV (PLHIV) know their status. We present the enhanced HIV/AIDS data management and systematic monitoring experience in Addis Ababa City Administration Health Bureau (AACAHB). Methods AACAHB established a command-post with leadership and technical team members from the health bureau, 10 sub-city health offices, and non-governmental stakeholders. The command-post improved governance, standardized HIV program implementation, and established accountability mechanism. A web-based database was established at each health facility, sub-city, and AACAHB level. Performance was scored (green, ≥75%; yellow, 50–74%; red, < 50%). The command-post reviewed performance on weekly basis. A mentorship team provided a weekly site-level support at underperforming public and private health facilities. At facility level, quality of data on recording tools such as registers, and individual medical records were maintained through continued review, feedback mechanisms and regular consistency check of data. Percentage and 95% confidence interval were computed to compare the improvement in program performance over time. Results After 6 months of intervention period, the monthly New HIV case finding in 47 health facilities increased from 422 to 734 (1.7 times) and treatment initiation increased from 302 to 616 (2 times). After 6 months, the aggregate scoring for HIV testing at city level improved from yellow to green, HIV case finding improved from red to green, and treatment initiation improved from red to yellow. An increasing trend was noted in HIV positive case finding with statistically significant improvement from 43.4% [95% Confidence Interval: 40.23–46.59%] in May 2019 to 74.9% [95% Confidence Interval: 72.03–77.6%] in September 2019. Similarly, significant improvement was recorded for new HIV treatment from 30.9% [95% Confidence Interval: 28.01–33.94%] in May 2019 to 62.5% [95% Confidence Interval: 59.38–65.6%] in September 2019. Conclusions Regular data driven HIV program review was institutionalized at city, sub-city and health facility levels which further improved HIV program monitoring and performance. The performance of HIV case finding and treatment initiation improved significantly via using intensified monitoring, data driven performance review, targeted site-level support based on the gap, and standardized approaches.

A lack of trained providers is an important contributor to the unmet burden of surgical disease treatment in low- and middle-income countries. The World Health Organization’s Commission on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel lays out guiding principles for addressing this workforce crisis. However, for surgical subspecialties such as plastic surgery, in-country training opportunities remain limited and there is a clear need for effective strategies to retain providers and develop sustainable solutions. We report the design and early implementation of a traveling fellowship in plastic surgery for providers at Jimma University Specialized Hospital in Jimma, Ethiopia. This fellowship is supported by Operation Smile and its network of international surgical volunteers. Since its inception, the program has trained 2 general surgeons with a commitment to helping train a total of 6 surgeons to establish a self-sustaining service. Key innovations include multiple international sites to facilitate broad subspecialty training, commitment of participants to return to Jimma upon completion of the program to establish a local training service, and coordination with national governing bodies to ensure program recognition and support. Ongoing challenges include physical resource limitations and coordination with a wide array of stakeholders. Nongovernmental organizations also have a role to play in supporting the Ministries of Health in scaling up human resources for improved health within their countries. Operation Smile’s traveling fellowship demonstrates a feasible method of addressing the health workforce crisis by providing specialized training and facilitating the development of surgical teaching programs capable of sustainably serving local communities.