No abstract

Water and energy are inextricably linked. Water is needed for energy production, and energy is needed for the extraction, conveyance, treatment, and distribution of water. Water requirements for electricity generation vary significantly, depending on the primary energy source, conversion technologies, and cooling technologies. Therefore, to meet future demands, integrated planning between both the energy and water sectors is essential. This analysis provides a tool that supports integrated planning by quantifying the water requirements for electricity generation from both renewable and non-renewable sources. Using California as a case study, we assessed the freshwater requirements for current and future electricity generation under several different energy portfolios. Our analysis demonstrated the potentially positive effects of investment in certain renewable resources such as solar photovoltaics, wind power, and waste-based bioenergy. Similarly, dry cooling technologies, if employed in thermoelectric power plants, can greatly diminish the electricity sector's impact on freshwater resources. Conversely, increased reliance on dedicated energy crops may have extraordinary impacts on freshwater resources. Thus, meeting a "renewable energy portfolio" goal or standard requires careful analysis of the freshwater implications of various primary energy sources and their associated conversion processes. A portfolio with reduced water use and carbon emissions could produce a number of environmental benefits. The corresponding increase in electricity costs may result in increasing energy efficiency, potentially with some trade-off with regards to consumer well-being. Converting California's coastal power plants from seawater-cooled to wet recirculating or dry cooled could actually result in a very minor increase in overall freshwater withdrawals. If reclaimed water is used for cooling these plants, this may actually reduce pressure for freshwater withdrawals overall. While the analysis focused on California, the trends are valid for freshwater limited or stressed regions around the world, and may serve to make better decisions when planning energy and water infrastructure.

No abstract

TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractMulti-lateral horizontal drilling technology

; (spon. by S. Inoue), Children's Hospital of Michigan (CHI), Detroit, Michigan 48201.Recent reports have indicated that elevated CSF levels of B2m in AL patients may precede the cytologic diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) involvement. This prompted us to reevaluate the CSF B m levels obtained on 42 AL patients at CHM during the years [1972][1973][1974][1975]. All but 3 had acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) 36 ALL children were receiving CNS prophylaxis consisting of intrathecal (IT) Methotrexate (MTX) and fractional radiation to the CNS (IMFRA) given at 10 wks. intervals. CSF was obtained at the time of administration of IT MTX either for prophylaxis or for overt CNS relapse. The level of B m in the CNS prophylaxis group (36) varied from 0.4 to 3.65 mgl? < ; 1.55 mg + .79). 4 had elevated levels of B m 63mg/l,? +2SD) at a time when CSF was free of leukemic cel?s. Three eventually developed CNS leukemia 2 mos., 8 mos., and 4 yrs. later. The CSF B m level at the time of overt CNS relapse in 6 AL children varied2from 0.93 -5 mgll (f 3.18 + 1.78). This differed significantly (p: C.001) from the CNS prophylaxis group. B m level was > 3 mg/l in 516. These data confirm the prior obiervations of others that CSF B m levels 2 are elevated during CNS relapse. Thus elevated levels may indicate impending relapse. Prophylactic IT MTX in itself does not appear to significantly alter the normal CSF B2m levels. A marked increase in WBC count with blast cell predominance in blood is a well known hematological abnormality seen in neonates with Down's syndrome. Differentiation of true leukemia from a transient leukemoid reaction is often difficult. Examination of in vitro colony formation and maturation by circulating stem cells may be helpful in separating the two entities. We studied a newborn infant with trisomy 21 Down's syndrome who had juandice, 5 cm palpable liver and 1 cm palpable spleen. The Hb, WBC and platelet count at day 3 of life were 12.5 gm %, 62,300 with 58% blasts and 90.5x1031mm3, respectively. Blood group incompatibility and intrauterine infections were excluded. The marrow showed 17% blasts. Prominent large basophilic granules were present in late myeloid precursors. The patient was simply observed. During the next 6 weeks the hematological picture returned to normal. Cultures of blood stem cells using the methylcellulose system were done on two occasions at day 9 of age (WBC 38.5~103, 47% blasts), and at day 26 of age (WBC 17.7~103, 6% blasts). The first blood formed 1,525 myeloid and 213 erythroid, and the second blood 256 myeloid and 17 erythroid colonies/ml of blood, respectively. No maturational difficiency was observed by cytological study of representative colonies. This normal maturation pattern is consistent with the spontaneous resolution of the clinical picture. The technique may be a useful tool in predicting the outcome. These neuropsychological and electrophysiological t e s t s are valuable i n the evaluation o f the long-term nervous system sequel ae o f chi1 dhood leukemia and i t s t...