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Fish immune systems have become the subject of several studies due to the growing development of aquaculture and fisheries, and the demand for healthy produce for human consumption. Among the parasites responsible for diseases in fish farming, helminths stand out because they cause infections in farmed fish and decrease food conversion, zootechnical performance and meat quality. In the present review, the components that participate in the innate and adaptive immune responses of teleost fish that have so far been described are presented in order to summarize the defenses that these hosts have recourse to, in combating different groups of helminth parasites.

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Plants of the species Fridericia chica (Bonpl.) L. G. Lohmann (Bignoniaceae), which are widely distributed in Brazil and named crajiru in the state of Amazonas, are known in folk medicine as a traditional medicine in the form of a tea for the treatment of intestinal colic, diarrhea, and anemia, among other diseases. The chemical analysis of extracts of the leaves has identified phenolic compounds, a class of secondary metabolites that provide defense for plants and benefits to the health of humans. Several studies have shown the therapeutic efficacy of F. chica extracts, with antitumor, antiviral, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities being among the therapeutic applications already proven. The healing action of F. chica leaf extract has been demonstrated in several experimental models, and shows the ability to favor the proliferation of fibroblasts, which is essential for tissue repair. The anti-inflammatory activity of F. chica has been clearly demonstrated by several authors, who suggest that it is related to the presence of 3-deoxyanthocyanidins, which is capable of inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways such as the kappa B (NF-kB) nuclear transcription factor pathway. Another important effect attributed to this species is the antioxidant effect, attributed to phenolic compounds interrupting chain reactions caused by free radicals and donating hydrogen atoms or electrons. In conclusion, the species Fridericia chica has great therapeutic potential, which is detailed in this paper with the objective of encouraging new research and promoting the sum of efforts for the inclusion of herbal medicines in health systems around the world.

Aquaculture remains in full development around the world and is still considered to be the sector with the highest growth in comparison with other food production sectors. Global aquaculture production was 110.2 million tonnes in 2016, and of this total 54.1 million tonnes were fish (FAO, 2018). In Brazil, the scenario is not so different; fish production reached 758,006 tonnes in 2019, and tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) continued to hold first place with a production of 432.149 tonnes (Peixe BR, 2020). The production of native fish, such

Óleos essenciais podem ser usados como anestésicos naturais para peixes em diversos procedimentos laboratoriais ou de rotina da piscicultura. Vários são considerados seguros tanto para os peixes como para o ambiente. Entretanto, os seus efeitos como redutores de estresse em peixes necessitam ser avaliados. O transporte é uma das práticas de manejo da piscicultura mais estressantes. O estresse nos peixes pode induzir a consequências indesejáveis como manifestações de doenças e mortalidades. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos do óleo essencial de Ocimium gratissimum em parâmetros fisiológicos de estresse em Colossoma macropomum submetidos ao transporte. Os peixes foram transportados em sacos plásticos sob diferentes concentrações do óleo essencial (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 mg L-1) por 4 h. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes e depois do transporte. As concentrações de glicose e amônia plasmáticas aumentaram e o lactato diminuiu depois do transporte com o óleo essencial diluído na água. Os níveis de proteína plasmática e glicogênio hepático apresentaram variações muito amplas. Os parâmetros sanguíneos não mostraram diferenças entre os tratamentos. Os peixes apresentaram-se recuperados 24 h após o transporte. As concentrações avaliadas do óleo essencial de O. gratissimum não foram eficientes como mitigadores de estresse em tambaqui submetido ao transporte. Estudos adicionais são necessários para avaliações de outras concentrações, bem como a associação com outros produtos e procedimentos.

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