The study aimed to examine changes in selected angular characteristics and duration of the stroke cycle in the back crawl and the front crawl in children learning to swim. Nine boys and two girls, aged 8–13 years, performed seven consecutive swimming tests. The children’s movement technique was recorded with the use of three video cameras. The studied parameters included the angle of incidence between the trunk long axis and the waterline, elbow angle, shoulders roll, stroke cycle duration and stroke length. The results illustrate the development of swimming technique in youth swimmers. The results of the present study indicate the variability and phasing of learning of swimming technique by children.

The assessment of footballers effectiveness is the key element of control at every step of their training, regardless of on what level they are. What seems essential is the prediction of footballers' actions, the height of which is achieved in the time directly preceding taking part in competition. Therefore, twenty footballers took part in the study which involved efficiency tests concerning maximum speed in 5 meters and 20 meters races as well as endurance measured by Beep Test. The tests were conducted at the end of lead time. Additionally, the effectiveness of action was measured in the initial perdion. No significant correlations were found between the tested variablesspeed tests and effectiveness of game. A significant relationship was found only between the endurance measured by Beep Test.Summing up, the only factor significantly correlated to the effectiveness of footballers' action was endurance and it can be therefore seen as crucial in terms of motor preparation, at the tested sport level.

Constant development and commercialization of football makes it somewhat compelling to look for proven solutions in order to determine both the represented players' level of competence and the most important components of the effectiveness or efficiency of a game. Evolution of walking distance over the years directs attention towards the aerobic motor skills. In this report, there have been made attempts to determine the relationship between the effectiveness of the game and the endurance of the tested football players of the BSC Eintracht Südring Berlin club. The research covered a group of 22 players from the Berlin club. The tests were carried out in the autumn round of the 2018/2019 season in Berlin in the period from July to November 2018. The endurance was measured with the help of the Cooper Test, while the players' performance was evaluated by the method of competent judges. The results of the study were statistically analyzed in the Statistica 13.1 program. Descriptive statistics were carried out, the minimum (min), maximum (max), average (X) and standard deviation (SD) values were calculated, and the coefficient correlation was determined. It was noted a significant correlation between the effectiveness of the game and the endurance.

Purpose: At the highest level of the competition, the players tend to have a comprehensive motor, technical-tactical and mental preparation. It is assumed that in the training process of young players, speed is an important factor determining sports success. Therefore, the aim of the study was to try to compare the speed abilities indicator of young footballers during the summer and winter preparatory period. Material and methods: The research was conducted in July 2019 and January 2020 in Poznań. The research subject consisted of 23 young players of the Warta Poznań club in the age category of the junior football players (U14). Results: The results were statistically processed, basic descriptive characteristics were made, the normality of the distribution of differences was checked using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and the collected results from two tests dates were compared using the Student's t-test for dependent samples. Based on the the conducted research, no significant change in the starting speed level was observed at the distance of 5 meters and 15 meters, while an improvement in the level of speed abilities in terms of locomotion at the distance of 30 meters was noted. Conclusions. The level of running speed at a distance of 30 meters in the tested competitors changed in the six-month preparation cycle. There was no change in the starting speed level over the distance of 5 and 15 meters in the competition season between the preparatory period and the end of the autumn round in the competitors of the Poznań Warta club. On the basis of the conducted research, it is worth conducting experimental research based on individualized speed training on a group of 13 - 14 year old players.

There are many factors which contribute to a successful sports career in football. One of the most important ones is players' comprehensive preparation which consists of motor, technico-tactical and psychical components. The study focuses on a selected psychical aspect and more precisely on the temperamental features that describe and explain relationship between a man and environment. The aim of the study was to determine and compare the level of highly qualified young footballers' temperamental properties in relation to those of the average people of the same age. The subject of the research was 31 players of the Lech Poznań club (Polish champions U-17 from 2016). The research was carried out using the EAS-D questionnaire which consists of five scales: dissatisfaction, fear, anger, activity and sociability. In the conducted study, there was a statistically significant differentiation of the results between the respondents and the average people at the level of two temperamental traits such as fear (a lower score in football players) and activity (a higher score in tested football players compared to the average people of the same age).

Currently, football is one of the most popular disciplines in the world. In the country of four-time World Champions, it is the most popular sport in which millions of fans and players are engaged. The German Bundesliga belongs to the Top 4 football leagues in Europe. Constant development of the discipline improves the training process. Shaping and developing selected motor skills seems to be necessary in modern training. In previous studies, many researchers emphasize the importance of motion speed in football. Nevertheless, the research conducted on a group of players of one German team in the 2017/2018 season raised some doubts.               Therefore, the study attempts to expand research and determine the relationship between start speed and running speed and the effectiveness of football games of German teams.              The research subject was 83 footballers from German clubs Berliner TSC and BSC Eintracht Südring Berlin. The results of studies carried out in Berlin in the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons were analyzed. The take-off speed in 5 m race, 20 m run speed was measured, and the players' effectiveness during the game was modified using the competent referee method. The test results were statistically processed in the Statistica 13.3 program. Descriptive statistics (X), minimum (min), maximum (max) and standard deviations (SD) statistics were performed and a correlation coefficient was determined.              In studies on an increased research group, no significant statistical relationship was found between motion speed and the effectiveness of German players' game.

Endurance is one of the most essential motor skills in the well planned training process in football. The high intensity and pace of the game force the players to be very well prepared. The increasing requirements of the game over the years direct the attention towards the oxygen mechanisms of football players.The aim of the study was to determine a relationship between the endurance tested by the Cooper test and the effectiveness of the game, determined by a modified method of competent referees.The study was inclued 90 footballers of german clubs SV Berliner Brauereien,  Berliner TSC and BSC Eintracht Südring Berlin. The results of studies conducted in Berlin in 2015-2018 were analysed.Descriptive statictics were conducted: mean (X), minimum values (min), maximum values (max) and standard deviation (SD). Normal distribution was checked and correlation coefficient were determined. The results of the study were statistically analyzed in Statistica 13,3.In the study on a bigger number of players, a statistically significant relationship was noted between the effectiveness of the game of German team players and cardio-respiratory endurance.

A high sports score is composed of many factors that determine the final result. It is difficult to state clearly which of them are the most important ones. However, it can be said that a right human material is necessary for success in sport. At the same time players with specific predispositions and highly qualified trainers, who together with their mentees aim at a specific goal to a certain degree, are needed. Researchers have already dealt with the designation of the most important predictors of sporting success in the last century. The process of determining the gradation of factors is extremely difficult and complicated. Nevertheless, it is the player's relationship with the coach that seems to be one of the most important aspects in the training process. Hence, the purpose of the work is to try to describe recruitment processes for the position of a trainer in Poland. Referring to the hypotheses and research questions, the authors showed some premises that might affect the selection of trainers in sport. Moreover, they might have some impact on the position of Polish sports disciplines in world rankings.