Antimicrobial activities of "babaçu" (Orbignya martiana), "cardo santo" (Argemone mexicana), "mentrasto" (Ageratum conyzoides), "cavalinha" (Equisetum yeamalis) and "terramicina" (Alternanthera brasiliana), used by Brazilian population as antiinflamatory medicine, were studied on Staphylococcus aureus. The freezer dried hydroalcoholic extracts solutions were tested for 7 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, which two of those are methicillin resistant (MRSA). The diffusion method on agar-agar, using holes technique, with tetracycline chlorydrate as standard. "Babaçu", "cardo santo" and "terramicina" showed antimicrobial activity, within of those "terramicina" inhibited 6 strains, presenting zone inhibition of 22 mm compared to standard antibiotic (34 mm), except the seventh strain which was also tetracycline resistant.A WHO considerou que no mundo aproximadamente 80% de uma população de 4 bilhões dependem principalmente da medicina tradicional para seus cuidados primários de saúde, bem a partir, do uso de extratos de plantas ou de seus princípios ativos 1,2,7 . Assim serão determinadas a atividade antimicrobiana das plantas babaçu (Orbignya martiana), cardo santo (Argemone mexicana), mentrasto (Ageratum conyzoides), cavalinha (Equisetum yeamalis) e terramicina (Alternanthera brasiliana) frente as cepas de Staphylococcus aureus. Material e MétodosAs cepas de Staphylococcus aureus usadas no teste são apresentadas na tabela 1. No estudo são retidas duas cepas padrões (ATCC) de reconhecida resistência, utilizadas nos testes para conservantes e desinfetantes, cinco isolados hospitalares: três meticilina sensível e dois meticilina resistente.As plantas com seus extratos são apresentados na tabela 2, todos os testes foram realizados com extratos aquosos obtidos a partir de liofilizados de extratos hidroalcóolicos (1:1) das referidas plantas.No caso da Alternanthera brasiliana (terramicina) o extrato tinha uma consistência mais pastosa, que dificultou a pesada.A metodologia empregada foi a técnica de discos por difusão em ágar e a técnica de poços por difusão em ágar, utilizando-se como antibiótico padrão: cloridrato de tetraciclina (solução mãe 1 mg/ml) e como meio ágar Müeller Hinton semeado na superfície com os inóculos bacterianos. O uso de dois ou mais métodos para o estudo da atividade antimicrobiana permite obter melhores resultados 9 . As placas foram deixadas em repouso por 40 min à temperatura ambiente antes de incubar (tempo de predifusão).
Reference genes presenting stable expression profiles over a wide variety of conditions are required in relative expression studies of specific bacterial genes by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). High-throughput sequencing of bacterial transcriptomes using the RNA-seq methodology now provides a wealth of data that may be searched for identification of the most stably expressed genes of a given bacterium. Herein, we searched a RNA-seq dataset from various experiments with the pathogenic bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, grown under different stress conditions, in order to select appropriate candidate reference genes for this species. Nineteen genes involved in maintenance of basic cellular functions, so-called housekeeping genes, were chosen for study and their expression profiles in C. pseudotuberculosis were evaluated throughout all growth conditions. Eight of these genes (atpA, dnaG, efp, fusA, gyrA, gyrB, rpoB, and rpoC), mostly participating in DNA replication and transcription, matched the defined criteria to be included as candidate reference genes. Transcriptional levels of these genes were quantified by RT-qPCR assays after growth of C. pseudotuberculosis under two additional conditions. Expression stability analysis by NormFinder indicated the combination of genes encoding DNA gyrase subunit A (gyrA) and elongation factor P (fusA) as the most suitable for normalization of RT-qPCR studies in C. pseudotuberculosis.
Background: Sugarcane silage (SCS) has often been characterized by large dry matter (DM) losses associated with reduction in soluble nutrients and increase in indigestible fiber. Objective: To evaluate the effect of including discarded fruits on the losses and nutritional value in SCS. Methods: A completely randomized design was used with five treatments andfive replications. Silageswere added with 15% (as-fed basis) papaya (Carica papaya) (SP), acerola (Malpighia glabra) (SA), banana (Musa sp.)(SB) or tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) (ST). The control treatment was composed only of SCS. Twenty-five (25-L) plastic buckets were used to make the experimental silos, which were opened on the 90th day after their closure. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. Results: Gas losses and total DM losses were lower and DM recovery was higher in SB and SA than in the control (p>0.05). However, there was treatment effect for lactic and acetic acids, ammonia nitrogen contents, lactic acid bacteria, and yeasts and mold counts (p<0.05). Conclusion: The inclusion of 15% banana or acerola in SCS decreases losses and increases DM recovery. Furthermore, the inclusion of 15% banana improves the nutritional value of SCS.Keywords: additives, animal feeding, crop byproduct, fiber content, forage conservation, discard fruit. ResumenAntecedentes: El ensilaje de caña de azúcar (SCS) es frecuentemente caracterizado por grandes pérdidas de materia seca (DM) asociadas con reducciones en los nutrientes solubles y aumentos en la fibra indigestible. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de frutas de descarte sobre las perdidas y el valor nutricional del SCS. Métodos: Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con cinco tratamientos y cinco repeticiones. Fueron adicionados a los ensilajes, 15 % (materia natural) de papaya (Carica papaya) (SP), acerola (Malpighia glabra) (SA), banano (Musa sp.) (SB) o tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) (ST). El control estuvo compuesto apenas por SCS. Veinticinco baldes de 25 L fueron usados para hacer los silos, los cuales se abrieron al día 90 posterior a su cierre. Los datos fueron analizados por análisis de varianza. Resultados: Las pérdidas de gases y de DM total fueron menores y la recuperación de DM fue mayor en SB y SA que en el grupo control (p>0,05). Sin embargo, hubo efecto de tratamiento para los contenidos de ácidos láctico y acético, y nitrógeno amoniacal y recuento de bacterias ácido lácticas, levaduras y hongos (p<0,05). Conclusiones: La inclusión de 15% de banano y acerola en SCS decreció las perdidas, y aumentó la recuperación de DM. Además, la inclusión de un 15% de banano mejoró el valor nutricional de SCS.Palabras clave: aditivos, alimentación animal, conservación de forraje, contenido de fibra, fruta de descarte, subproducto de cosecha. Resumo Antecedentes: A silagem de cana de açúcar (SCS) é frequentemente caracterizada por grandes perdas de matéria seca (DM) associadas com reduções nos nutrientessolúveis e aumento na fibra indigestível. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da inclusão de frutas de descarte sobre as perdas e o valor nutricional de SCS. Métodos: Um delineamento completamente casualizado foi utilizado, com cindo tratamentos e cinco repetições. As silagens foram adicionadas com 15% (matéria natural) de mamão (Carica papaya) (SP), acerola (Malpighia glabra) (SA), banana (Musa sp.) (SB) ou tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) (ST). O controle foi composto apenas por SCS. Vinte e cinco baldes de 25 L foram usados para fazer os silos, que foram abertos no 90º dia após o fechamento deles. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de variância. Resultados: As perdas por gases e de DM total foram menores e a recuperação de DM foi maior em SB e SA que no controle (p>0,05). Contudo, houve efeito de tratamento para os conteúdos de ácidos lático e acético, e nitrogênio amoniacal e contagens de bactérias láticas, e leveduras e fungos (p<0,05). Conclusões: Ainclusão de 15% de banana e acerola em SCS decresceu as perdas, e aumentou a recuperação de DM. Adicionalmente, a inclusão de 15% de banana melhorou o valor nutricional da SCS.Palavras-chave: aditivos, alimentação animal, conservação de foragem, conteúdo de fibra, subproduto da colheita, fruta descartada.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance, milk composition, blood and urinary biochemical parameters and milk fatty acid profile of Saanen goats fed pornunça silage‐based diets containing different levels of tannin (11, 28, 36 and 44 g/kg dry matter). Intake of feed, milk production, milk composition and biochemical parameters were affected (P < 0.05). The content of 10:0, 12:0 and 14:0 fatty acids decreased, while those of 18:0, cis‐9 18:1, trans‐11 18:1, cis‐9, trans‐11 18:2 and cis‐9, cis‐12, cis‐15 18:3 increased as more tannin was added (P < 0.05). The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids increased, while the thrombogenicity and atherogenicity indices decreased as tannin was increased (P < 0.05). The inclusion of up to 28 g/kg of tannin was the most appropriate level to improve the fatty acid profiles of goats’ milk and prevent further falls in dry matter intake and milk production.
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