Heat stress is a main threat to current and future global maize production. Adaptation of maize to future warmer conditions requires improving our understanding of crop responses to elevated temperatures. For this purpose, the same short-season (FAO 300) maize hybrid PR37N01 was grown over three years of field experiments on three contrasting Spanish locations in terms of temperature regime. The information complemented three years of greenhouse experiments with the same hybrid, applying heat treatments at various critical moments of the crop cycle. Crop phenology, growth, grain yield, and yield components were monitored. An optimized beta function improved the calculation of thermal time compared to the linear-cutoff estimator with base and optimum temperatures of 8 and 34 °C, respectively. Our results showed that warmer temperatures accelerate development rate resulting in shorter vegetative and reproductive phases (ca. 30 days for the whole cycle). Heat stress did not cause silking delay in relation to anthesis (extended anthesis-silking interval), at least in the range of temperatures (maximum temperature up to 42.9 °C in the field and up to 52.5 °C in the greenhouse) considered in this study. Our results indicated that maize grain yield is reduced under heat stress mainly via pollen viability that in turn determines kernel 2 number, although a smaller but significant effect of the female component has been also detected.
-Mexican plum (Spondias purpurea L.) 'Cuernavaqueña' was harvested at four ripening stages, with the aim of evaluating the concentration of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity in the pulp and the epicarp. The highest ethylene production (9.43 mL kg h -1 ) and total soluble solids concentration (23.9 °Brix) was observed in the fully ripe stage. Titratable acidity was higher in green stage compared to other analyzed ripening stages in both pulp (0.48 %) and epicarp (0.32 %). Fully ripe plum epicarp presented the highest content of total phenols (GAE 190 mg g -1 ), flavonoids (QE 214 mg g -1 ), and carotenoids (853 mg g -1 ) compared to other ripening stages. The antioxidant capacity was higher in the epicarp of the fully ripe fruit compared to the other ripening stages: DPPH (1087 µM TE /100 g), ABTS (1534 µM TE/100 g), and FRAP (1764 µM TE/100 g). Significant correlations (r = 0.60 *** to 0.95 **) between bioactive compounds concentrations and antioxidant activity were obtained. Index terms: Spondias purpurea; bioactive compounds; antioxidant activity. ATIVIDADE ANTIOXIDANTE E PARÂMETROS FISICOQUÍMICOS DA AMEIXA MEXICANA "CUERNAVAQUEÑA" (Spondias purpurea L.)EM DIFERENTES ESTÁGIOS DE AMADURECIMENTORESUMO -A ameixa mexicana (Spondias purpurea L.) 'Cuernavaqueña' foi colhida em quatro estádios de amadurecimento com o objetivo de avaliar a concentração de compostos bioativos e capacidade antioxidante da polpa e do epicarpo. A maior produção de etileno (9,43 mL kg h -1 ) e concentração total de sólidos solúveis (23,9 ° Brix) foi observada no estágio totalmente maduro. A acidez titulável foi maior no estádio verde em comparação com outros estádios de amadurecimento analisados tanto na polpa (0,48%) como no epicarpo (0,32%). O epicarpo da ameixa totalmente madura apresentou o maior teor de fenóis totais (GAE 190 mg g -1 ), flavonóides (QE 214 mg g -1 ) e carotenóides (853 mg g -1 ) em comparação com outros estádios de amadurecimento. A capacidade antioxidante foi maior no epicarpo do fruto totalmente maduro em comparação com os outros estádios de amadurecimento: DPPH (1087 μM TE / 100 g), ABTS (1534 μM TE / 100 g) e FRAP (1764 μM TE / 100 g). Foram obtidas correlações significativas (r = 0,60 *** a 0,95 **) entre as concentrações de compostos bioativos e a atividade antioxidante. Termos para indexação: Spondias purpurea; Compostos bioativos; atividade antioxidante.
RESUMEN-Nuevos productos son aplicados actualmente con éxito en agricultura sustentable con el fin de activar rutas metabólicas específicas en plantas, los que son conocidos comercialmente como activadores fisiológicos, desestresantes o potencializadores del rendimiento. Sin embargo, pocas investigaciones han logrado introducir en la práctica tales alternativas. En este estudio se ofrece información sobre los resultados de un nuevo formulado denominado A-CETAS/07, obtenido a partir de residuos de la industria azucarera y complementado con moléculas antioxidantes. Este se comparó con un activador comercial (testigo) y se aplicó foliarmente para estimular el potencial de fructificación en papaya (Carica papaya L.), cv. Maradol roja. Los resultados evidenciaron una revigorización de las plantas, con aumento progresivo del rendimiento a medida que se incrementó la dosis de A-CETAS/07, por encima de la media histórica regional entre 64 -74 t ha -1 a los 9 meses después del trasplante, lo cual representa una alternativa económica y con impacto favorable en el medio ambiente. Palabras claves: Papaya (Carica papaya L.), revigorizante, cv. Maradol roja. NEW PHYSIOLOGICAL ENERGIZER YIELD OF FRUCTIFICATION IN PAPAYA (Carica papaya L.)ABSTRACT-New products are now successfully applied in sustainable agriculture in order to activate specific metabolic pathways in plants, which are commercially known as physiological activators, enhancers or stress-relievers.. However, few studies have been able to introduce in practice such alternatives. Information on the results of a new formulated called A-CETAS/07, obtained from sugar industry waste supplemented with antioxidant molecules, which was compared with a commercial activator (witness), wass offered in order to stimulate the potential yield of papaya (Carica papaya L.), cv. Maradol roja. The results show a reinvigoration of plants, with progressive increase of production as A-CETAS/07, increased above the historical average (64 -74 t ha -1 ) at 9 months after transplantation, which is a favorable economic and environmental impact alternative.
ResumenLos cambios introducidos por la modernización y la globalización en las sociedades tradicionales han alterado las prácticas sociotécnicas y formas de vivir en comunidad. Sin embargo, algunas sociedades rurales se han resistido bajo diferentes modalidades frente a los procesos modernizadores y de cambios provenientes del entorno, considerando que valoran y conservan las expresiones culturales y organizativas para sobrevivir. Se describen algunas de las prácticas sociotécnicas, como herencias patrimoniales, relacionadas con la seguridad alimentaria, encontradas en trabajo de campo durante 2011-2012 y se destacan sus beneficios. Se concluye que subsisten varias prácticas arraigadas a la cultura e identidad de la Mixteca alta de Oaxaca, tales como: trabajo cooperativo (gueza-trabajo), préstamo de alimentos (guezaalimentos), trueque, agricultura tradicional y recolección de plantas silvestres. La permanencia entre comunidades y familias de diversas prácticas sociotécnicas se conforman como estrategias locales que fortalecen la seguridad alimentaria, las cuales deben ser respetadas, promovidas y rescatadas por programas e instituciones de diferentes niveles de gobierno. AbstractThe changes introduced by modernization and globalization in traditional societies have altered sociotechnical practices and ways of living in community. However, some rural societies have resisted under different modalities in the face of modernizing processes and changes in the environment, considering that they value and conserve their cultural and organizational expressions that allow them to survive. Some of the main sociotechnical practices, such as heritage inheritance related to food safety, found in field work during 2011-2012 and its benefits are highlighted. It is concluded that several practices are still rooted in the culture and identity of the Mixteca Alta of Oaxaca, such as: cooperative work (gueza-work), food loaning (gueza-food), barter, traditional agriculture, and harvesting of wild plants. The widespread permanence between communities and families of diverse sociotechnical practices are conformed as local strategies that strengthen food security, which need to be respected, promoted and rescued by programs and institutions of different government levels. IntroducciónLa industrialización, la urbanización, la expansión del trabajo asalariado y del mercado de consumo contribuyeron a transformar la estructura, organización y funciones de las familias rurales (Maldonado, 2002). De acuerdo con Rogers y Svenning (1973) el desarrollo es un cambio social, que introduce nuevas ideas en un sistema, para obtener mayores ingresos per capita y niveles de vida mediante la utilización de métodos de producción más modernos y una mejor organización social.Las comunidades rurales han fomentado la vida colectiva, tejiendo lazos de solidaridad y cooperación basado en relaciones y regulación del orden interno entre los miembros de la comunidad, llamado en las sociedades andinas Sumac Kausay (Kichua) o suma qamaña (Aymara) (buen vivir) (E...
is a very challenging virus to combat and prevents achieving a high productive potential in Carica papaya due to the lack of resistant genes in commercial papaya cultivars such as red Maradol, which originated in Cuba and extends to all America and the Caribbean. In this study, the effectiveness of a new viral inhibitor (Inhibitovir), applied as a preventive and curative treatment to control PRSV was evaluated under field conditions. The results showed the possibility of using this viral inhibitor against PRSV because its effectiveness was comparable to that of the commercial antiviral (Q-2000VI). The use of Inhibitovir can prevent the damages caused by PRSV with satisfactory protection until harvest, allowing yield increases of 1.5 to 3 times. The preventive effect of Inhibitovir applications can attenuate and reduce disease symptoms, even in those plants that were infected prior to treatment. The field application of a new antiviral formulation offers a new alternative for efficient PRSV control, which can be included in integrated pest management.
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