Oxynoemacheilus cemali sp. nov. is described from the Çoruh River drainage in the eastern Black Sea basin. One molecular marker (coI), 25 morphometric and four meristic characters were analysed. Oxynoemacheilus cemali is distinguished from O. kosswigi, O. banarescui, O. samanticus and O. angorae in the Black Sea basin by having a suborbital groove in males, an axillary lobe at the pelvic‐fin base, no dorsal adipose crest on the caudal peduncle, a slightly‐forked caudal fin and 7–15 dark grey dorsal saddles. Morever, Oxynoemacheilus cemali is distinguished by commonly having 9–15 irregularly‐shaped dark‐grey bars on the flank posterior to the dorsal‐fin origin or, rarely having a mottled pattern or 4–6 irregularly shaped dark‐grey bars on the flank posterior to the dorsal‐fin origin. Oxynoemacheilus cemali is also distinguished from the closely related species O. araxensis and O. cyri, distributed outside the Black Sea basin, by having 15 and 31 diagnostic nucleotide substitutions in the coI barcode region, respectively.

Salmo kottelati sp. n., is described from Alakır Stream (Mediterranean basin) in Turkey. It is distinguished from other Anatolian Salmo species by a combination of the following characters (none unique to the species): general body colour greenish to silvery in life; 7–9 parr marks along lateral line; four dark bands on flank absent in both sexes; black ocellated spots few, present only on upper part of flank in individuals smaller than 160 mm SL but in larger both males and females black spots numerous and located on back and middle and upper part of flank; red spots few to numerous, scattered on median, and half of lower and upper part of flank; head long (length 29–33% SL in males, 26–32 in females); mouth large (length of mouth gape 13–19% SL in males, 12–15 in females); maxilla long (length 10–13% SL in males, 8–12 in females); 105–113 lateral line scales; 24–29 scale rows between lateral line and dorsal-fin origin, 17–19 scale rows between lateral line and anal-fin origin; 13–15 scales between lateral line and adipose-fin insertion.

A few studies have looked at this genus with a larger geographic perspective, such as that of Levin et al. (2012), who provided a phylogenetic framework of the genus. Alwan (2010) intensively studied the C. damascina species group, and Geiger et al. ( 2014) provided additional molecular data on Mediterranean species of Capoeta. Alwan (2010) conclusively demonstrated that C. angorae from the Mediterranean basin is a synonym of C. damascina, a view also supported by Levin et al. (2012) and Geiger et al. (2014).However, despite all these studies, the species diversity of Capoeta in Anatolia has not been fully resolved, and both Levin et al. (2012) andGeiger et al. (2014) found one group of populations in the Büyük Menderes and Dalaman rivers that was well distinguished from its sister species, C. bergamae, by the molecular methods applied. Here we study Capoeta from the Büyük Menderes River as well as from the streams Dalaman, Tersakan, and Namnam, with the aim of testing whether this molecular lineage might be a species different from C. bergamae and other Capoeta species of the Mediterranean Basin and adjacent Central Anatolia. Materials and methodsFish were caught using pulsed DC electrofishing equipment. The material is deposited in the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Zoology Museum of the Faculty of Fisheries, Rize (FRR) and İstanbul University, Science Faculty, Hydrobiology Museum, İstanbul (IUSHM). Measurements were made using digital calipers (0.1 mm accuracy). Hubbs and Lagler (1947) were followed in counts and measurements except as follows: head width at anterior eye margin: distance between anterior margins of eyes; head width at posterior eye margin: distance between posterior margins of eyes; head depth: through eye; snout width: at level of nostrils; head depth at snout: at level of nostrils; mouth width: measured between corners of mouth. Lateral line scale count includes scales on the caudal-fin base. The last 2 branched dorsal-and anal-fin rays, which articulate on a single pterygiophore, were counted as 1½. In the descriptions, numbers in parentheses after a count indicate the number of specimens in which this count was observed. To determine the sex of fishes, gonads were checked under a stereomicroscope.Morphometric and meristic data of C. damascina, C.

Barbus anatolicus, new species, is described from the Kızılırmak and Yeşilırmak River drainages in the southern Black Sea basin. It is distinguished from other Barbus species in the Middle East by having 58–71 total lateral line scales, a moderately ossified last simple dorsal-fin ray, serrated along about 70–80% of its posterior margin, many small irregular shaped black or brown spots, smaller or as large as scales, often forming large, dark-brown blotches on the head, back and flank in adults and juveniles, and a concave posterior dorsal-fin margin. In addition, DNA barcode data reject the hypothesis that it belongs to one of the other species of the B. barbus species group. Barbus bergi from Bulgaria and adjacent Turkey is treated as synonym of B. tauricus. Barbus tauricus was previously believed to be restricted to the Crimean Peninsula but is found to be widespread in the Black Sea basin.

Oxynoemacheilus cilicicus, new species, is described from the Göksu, Seyhan and Ceyhan rivers in southern Turkey. It is distinguished from other Oxynoemacheilus species in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea basin by possession of an incomplete lateral line, terminating before the vertical of the dorsal-fin origin or slightly behind the dorsal-fin base, a deeply emarginate caudal fin, no suborbital groove in male individuals, and a series of dark-brown bars on the flank not interrupted along the lateral line. Molecular data suggest that Oxynoemacheilus cilicicus is characterised by 22 variable nucleotide substitutions and a minimum K2P distance of 4.09% with O. panthera in the mtDNA COI barcode region. 

Squalius kottelati, new species, is described from the Orontes, Ceyhan and Seyhan rivers in Turkey. It belongs to the S. lepidus group, characterized by a projecting lower jaw. It is distinguished from the other species of the genus Squalius in Turkey and adjacent basins by having a conspicuous broad, dark stripe on the upper part of the flank, from the head to the end of the caudal peduncle (vs. absent or very faintly marked, except S. lepidus). It differs from S. lepidus by having a longer head (28.3–30.9, vs. 25.3–27.3 % SL), fewer lateral-line scales (45–47, vs. 48–49) and fewer gill rakers on the first gill arch (9–10, vs. 11–13). It differs from S. anatolicus by having more scales in the lateral line (45–47,mode 46 vs. 43–45, mode 44); a longer caudal fin (length of upper lobe 20.3–22.5, vs. 15.8–19.0 % SL).

Salmo fahrettini, a new species, is distributed in the northern tributaries of the Euphrates River. It differs from other Salmo species in adjacent waters by a combination of the following characters: a greyish body; one black spot behind the eye and on the cheek; three to six black spots on the opercle; numerous black spots on the back (missing on the predorsal area), flank and middle part of body, surrounded by a roundish white ring; red spots in the median part of the body, surrounded by a roundish white ring; short and narrow maxilla; increase in the number of black and red spots with an increase in size; adipose fin medium size, no or rarely one red spot at its posterior edge; 109-116 lateral line scales; 27-30 scale rows between dorsalfin origin and lateral line; 20-23 scale rows between the lateral line and anal-fin origin; maxilla length 8.8-10.0% standard length in males, 8.8-9.6 in females.

The Oxynoemacheilus tigris species group is reviewed, resulting in the recognition of six species, of which two are described herein as new. Oxynoemacheilus tigris is known from the endorheic Qweik River and the Merziman River, which is a tributary of the western Euphrates. Oxynoemacheilus ercisianus is endemic to the endorheic Lake Van basin and O. hazarensis is endemic to Lake Hazar basin in the upper Tigris drainage. Oxynoemacheilus kaynaki is widespread in the Euphrates drainage. The two undescribed species occur in the Euphrates drainage. Oxynoemacheilus arsaniasus, new species, from the Murat River and the upper Karasu (Muş) River drainage, is distinguished from other species of the O. tigris group by having a bold, black, irregularly-shaped bar at the caudal-fin base, an incomplete lateral line and a scaleless body. Oxynoemacheilus muefiti, new species, from the upper Murat River drainage and a tributary to the Atatürk reservoir, is most similar to O. ercisianus, from which it is distinguished by a more slender body and a shallower dorsal adipose crest. According to our molecular data, the Qweik population of O. tigris is suspected to be introgressed by O. namiri from the Orontes drainage. Oxynoemacheilus erdali is identified as a synonym of O. bergianus as we were unable to find differences between the two species.