ferred to open, wild areas (usually with a high proportion of tree cover), while 'park' meant enclosed (emparked) areas, set aside to protect deer, eventually becoming the kind of landscape parks around country houses and later, city parks. These terms do, of course, change over time and tend to be somewhat fluid. It is also important that the terms reflect the widest possible application across Europe. For the purpose of clarification and structure, the following definitions are used for the rest of this chapter. Urban woodland means a forested ecosystem of natural, semi-natural or man-made origin, used for a variety of purposes including recreation, nature protection and, in exceptional circumstances, wood production. It is mainly tree covered, although other elements such as water, wet areas, paths and open spaces of different sizes are often to be found. Woodlands may tend to be more multipurpose than parks and their design may need to accommodate more uses, some of which may conflict while others are complementary (Fig. 6.1).
Illustration is undoubtedly part of botanical history. In the early 19 th century, as botanical Latin yielded more accurate descriptions, the need for illustration in scientific publications decreased. Nevertheless, advances in printing processes boosted the production of illustrated botanical periodicals at accessible costs. Therefore, coloured depictions of plants never ceased to be part of botany at all levels. Richard Thomas Lowe (1802-1874) studied the flora of Madeira from 1826, when he first visited the island, to his death. He is well known as the author of Madeira's first comprehensive Flora, but his work as a botanical illustrator is poorly known. We analysed the graphic production related to his first major paper, published in 1831, along with written documents, which, altogether, support a more complete understanding of Rev. Lowe's botanical work in Madeira and his relevant activity as an illustrator. We believe that joint analysis of illustrations and correspondence show that Lowe himself made the drawings after which the plate of the orchid Goodyera macrophylla in this paper was prepared, whose authorship was, up to now, unknown.
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