Regionalização e acesso à saúde nos estados brasileiros: condicionantes históricos e político-institucionaisRegionalization and access to healthcare in Brazilian states: historical and political-institutional conditioning factors
In recent years the international debate about universality in health has been marked by a polarization between ideas based on a universal system, and notions proposing universal health coverage. The concept of universal coverage has been disseminated by international organizations and has been incorporated into health system reforms in several developing countries, including some in Latin America. This article explores the assumptions and strategies related to the proposal of universal health coverage. Firstly, a comparison is provided of the models of universal health coverage and universal health systems. This is followed by a contextualization of the international debate, including examples of different health systems. Finally, the implications of the proposal of universal coverage for the right to health in Brazil are discussed. The analysis of different concepts of universality and the experiences of different countries shows that health insurance-based models, either social or private, are not as satisfactory as public, universal health systems. Greater understanding about ongoing international projects is essential in order to identify the possibilities represented by the consolidation of the Unified Health System (SUS) in Brazil, as well as the risks of dismantling the SUS.
Ao se analisar a política de saúde nos anos 90, é imprescindível considerar a complexidade do desafio representado pela implementação do Sistema Único de Saúde. O artigo evidencia que, apesar das dificuldades, houve avanços no modelo de descentralização adotado pela política de saúde em direção à municipalização da gestão (incluindo recursos e instrumentos) e da explicitação das funções estaduais como coordenadores do sistema de referência intermunicipal. O nível federal, por sua vez, ampliou seu poder indutor e regulador ao introduzir novos mecanismos de transferência vinculados às ações e programas assistenciais. Esse processo foi orientado pela edição das Normas Operacionais Básicas do SUS <FONT FACE=Symbol>¾</FONT> NOBs, instrumentos de regulação do processo de descentralização, em um país com um modelo federalista ainda em definição e com um sistema tributário relativamente centralizado.
OBJECTIVE:To analyze the confi guration of mobile emergency health care policy in Brazil. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES:The study was based on public policy analysis. Bibliographic and document review, analysis of offi cial data and interviews with federal administrators related to formulation and implementation of the Mobile Emergency Care Service (SAMU) in Brazil in the 2000s were performed. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS:Priority was given to SAMU at the federal level since 2003. During the fi rst years of implementation, municipal level services predominated; in 2008, services with regional scope became more signifi cant. Estimated coverage reached 53.9% of the population in 2009, in 20.5% of Brazilian municipalities. Implementation varied between States, and there were less advanced support ambulances than recommended, both nationally and in several States.CONCLUSIONS: SAMU was adopted nationwide since 2003 upon development of federal norms. Implementation of the policy involves challenges, including adequate investment, integration of the service into an established urgent care network, arrangement of appropriate information systems and personnel capacity. Addressing these challenges will allow SAMU to become a key health care strategy in the unifi ed health system.
Resumo: O artigo analisa a trajetória de condução nacional da política de saúde no Brasil de 1990 a 2016, bem como explora as contradições e os condicionantes da política no período. Observaram-se continuidades e mudanças no contexto, processo e conteúdo da política em cinco diferentes momentos. A análise dos condicionantes da política mostrou que o marco constitucional, os arranjos institucionais e a ação de atores setoriais foram fundamentais para a expansão de programas e serviços públicos, que conferiram materialidade e ampliaram a base de apoio ao Sistema Único de Saúde no âmbito setorial. No entanto, limites histórico-estruturais, legados institucionais e a disputa de projetos para o setor influenciaram a política nacional. A interação desses condicionantes explica as contradições na política do período, por exemplo, no que se refere à inserção da saúde no modelo de desenvolvimento e na Seguridade Social, ao caráter do financiamento e das relações público-privadas em saúde. A ampliação dos serviços públicos ocorreu de forma concomitante ao fortalecimento de segmentos privados, configurando mercados dinâmicos em saúde, que disputam os recursos do Estado e das famílias, restringem a possibilidade de consolidação de um sistema de saúde universal, reiteram a estratificação social e as desigualdades em saúde.
Descentralização e regionalização: dinâmica e condicionantes da implantação do Pacto pela Saúde no Brasil
Saúde e territorialização na perspectiva do desenvolvimento Health and territorialization from the perpective of developmentResumo A relação entre saúde e desenvolvimento é complexa e remete ao campo da economia políti-ca, dado que envolve diferentes interesses sociais, políticos e econômicos. No caso brasileiro, esta associação é particularmente relevante no que diz respeito à dimensão territorial, tendo em vista o papel central dos serviços de saúde para organização da rede urbana e delimitação de escalas e limites territoriais. No campo teórico-conceitual, o artigo explora vertentes analíticas das relações entre saúde e desenvolvimento, bem como entre a saúde e a questão territorial. A seguir, analisa a trajetória da política de descentralização e regionalização do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e dos investimentos federais, que constituem a base de sua evolução espacial. A partir da revisão conceitual e dos dados empíricos, procuram-se estabelecer os nexos teóricos e político-institucionais entre saúde e desenvolvimento, buscando subsidiar a discussão dos desafios para uma nova inserção da saúde no modelo de desenvolvimento brasileiro, historicamente marcado por desigualdades econô-micas e sociais com forte expressão territorial. Palavras-chave Sistemas de saúde, Desenvolvimento regional, Investimentos em saúde, SUS Abstract The relationship between health and development is complex and lies in the field of political economy, given that it involves different social, political, and economic interests. In the Brazilian case, this association is particularly relevant in terms of the territorial dimension, in light of the central role of healthcare services in the organization of the urban network and the demarcation of territorial schedules and limits. In the theoretical-conceptual field, this study explores analytical areas that approach the relations between health and development, as well as between health and the territorial issue; and analyzes the history of the decentralization and regionalization policy in the Unified National Health System (SUS) and Federal investments that constitute the basis for its spatial evolution. Based on this conceptual review and empirical data, the study attempts to establish theoretical and political-institutional connections between health and development. The aim is thus to support the discussion on challenges facing a new role for health in the Brazilian development model, historically marked by economic and social inequalities with strong territorial overtones.
The article presents a review of Brazilian tobacco control policies from 1986 to 2016, based on contributions from political economics and analyses of public policies. The institutionalization of tobacco control in the country was marked by more general changes in health policies and by specific events related to the theme. Brazil's international leadership role, a robust National Tobacco Control Policy, the role of civil society and the media all contributed to the success of tobacco control in this country. However, challenges remain regarding crop diversification in tobacco farms, illegal trade in cigarettes, pressure from the tobacco industry and the sustainability of the Policy. This study reinforces the importance of bearing in mind the relationship between the domestic and international context, and the articulation between different governmental and non-governmental sectors and players when analyzing complex health policies. Continuity and consolidation of the tobacco control policies depend on the persistence of a broad institutional framework to guide the State's actions in social protection, in accordance with Unified Healthcare System guidelines.
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