Many rural areas have experienced development downturn throughout most of the 20th century. Usually, immigrants have been considered as labour force. However, they often choose to become entrepreneurs. Relevant literature suggests evidences that immigrants are more entrepreneurially active than local inhabitants. The objective of this study is to verify how local conditions in rural areas as well as characteristics of immigrants influence individuals to become entrepreneurs. The results indicate that an immigrant has a higher likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur. Residing in a rural community positively influences the likeliness of being involved in entrepreneurial activities; however this is mainly true for Spaniards, since immigrants are not influenced by rurality.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the differentiated impact of factors that influence the propensity to entrepreneur in a sample of people in Chile. A distinction is made between individuals that live in primary cities and secondary cities. The differentiating factors are socio‐cultural aspects (reference models – positive examples of entrepreneurs – and perception of social fear of failure) and the gender of the individual. Design/methodology/approach For the research data from the survey used in Chile by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor for the years 2010 and 2011 were used. A logit model was used to determine the differentiated impact of the analysed factors and interactions were done using the method proposed by Corneliâen and Sonderhof (2009). Findings These showed that the fact that an individual lives in a secondary city decreases his entrepreneurship probability. The positive impact that the reference models have is weaker in women. Contrary to what was expected, the negative impact of the fear of failure perception is weaker in women. Practical implications These results have the implications to suggest focused public policies and differentiations that consider the socio‐cultural, territorial (focused in cities) and gender aspects. Originality/value The research contributes by giving empirical evidence of the existence of the negative impact of living in a secondary city and of differentiated effects of socio‐cultural factors from the gender perspective.

The aim of this study is to analyse the likelihood of agricultural workers in rural areas converting to the tourism sector. Chile is used as a case study, drawing on the CASEN survey of 2017 to analyse differences between the northern, central, and southern regions of the country and construct a satellite account of tourism. A matching process was carried out within the data, and the estimation of a logit model was done to assess the probability of labour reconversion. The results indicate that an agricultural worker has a 12.8% probability of retraining. However, differences emerged when demographic characteristics were analysed; specifically, people with post-secondary education and women have a higher probability of retraining. These and other sociodemographic characteristics are important to explain potential labour reconversion towards tourism in rural areas, although differences arose between areas of the country. Therefore, homogeneous public policies that do not consider the specific characteristics of the territories within a country will be ineffective.

<p>El sentido público de las universidades hace que la sociedad presione por obtener niveles de representatividad en sus gobiernos corporativos. Un buen gobierno corporativo precisa aumentar los niveles de información y las universidades latinoamericanas tienen un bajo nivel de divulgación de la información. En la investigación se propone y  verifican los factores que afectan los niveles de divulgación voluntaria de la  información que emiten las universidades latinoamericanas a los diferentes grupos de interés. Se estudiaron 219 universidades de cinco países latinoamericanos, reconocidas dentro de las 500 mejores instituciones de la Región, se utilizó un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple para testear las proposiciones. Los resultados son potentes y significativos con implicaciones teóricas, empíricas y de política pública.</p>

Un aspecto interesante de estudiar en los principales centros nodales de la Patagonia Chilena, es la forma en que evolucionan y sensibilizan las etapas productivas facilitadoras del desarrollo a partir de; las semejanzas de sus especializaciones laborales y funcionales y; de entre estas últimas con los tipos encadenamientos que existen en cada centro. En tal lógica, esta investigación responde a: ¿se vio estimulado el desarrollo de los principales centros de la Patagonia Chilena para los años 2007 y 2012 producto de una similitud entre, sus especializaciones laborales y funcionales y, por otra parte, entre estas estructuras con los tipos de encadenamientos que existen? Los resultados indican que, en general, al existir coherencia en los aspectos planteados, se favorece el desarrollo y la profusión de relaciones económicas de la zona.

RESUMEN: La actividad turística puede ayudar a diversificar la matriz productiva y reducir el despoblamiento rural. Este estudio analiza la posibilidad de participación de trabajadores agropecuarios en el sector turismo en las zonas rurales de la Patagonia Chilena. Usando la encuesta CASEN del año 2017, se realiza un proceso de emparejamiento de datos (matching) y la estimación de un modelo logit para evaluar la probabilidad de reconversión laboral. Los resultados indican que hay una baja proporción de trabajadores que puedan transitar hacia el sector turismo. Sin embargo, las mujeres y los individuos con estudios postsecundarios tienen mayores probabilidades de reconversión. ABSTRACT:The development of tourism can help to diversify the productive matrix and reduce rural depopulation. This study analyzes the possibility of agricultural worker participation in the tourism sector in rural areas of Chilean Patagonia. Based on the 2017 CASEN survey, data matching and estimation of logit model are conducted to evaluate the probability of agricultural worker reconversion. The results indicate that the proportion of agricultural workers who can move to tourism is low. However, women and individuals with post-secondary education are more likely to be reconverted.

El objetivo del presente trabajo es aplicar una propuesta metodológica para identificar las características de la conmutación laboral entre dos periodos en la Patagonia chilena, con datos agrupados. Se analizan los centros nodales principales, el origen, los sectores productivos y el nivel de estudios de los trabajadores. Se utilizó la Encuesta Suplementaria de Ingresos de los años 2011 y 2016. Se propone el cálculo de un índice y se aplica una prueba no paramétrica. Los principales resultados indican que los centros nodales están poco conectados entre ellos y, contrario a lo esperado, los trabajadores con bajo nivel de estudios explican principalmente la conmutación de más larga distancia.

This article analyzes the results of an inquiry into Latin American university community members’ perceptions about regulatory processes and asymmetries of information, as influential factors in the governance of Latin American universities. It does so, by examining the national laws in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, and Mexico. Previous studies in this continent have not considered these aspects and perspectives. Our research found significant differences between countries in terms of the Board of Directors’ capacity to act and the control mechanisms they can employ—which can be interpreted as national differences in the availability of their resources and their regulatory capacities. On the level of asymmetry of information, there are differences between countries, which depend on the position of the university members in their institutions. Thus, regulation and information are important factors when it comes to the governance of Latin American universities, and can explain its’ diversity.