Este artículo explora las transformaciones experimentadas en los patrones y composición de la migración contemporánea ligadas a emergentes cambios económicos mundiales. Plantea que la alta participación de mujeres en la migración mundial está relacionada con la demanda en empleos precarios, principalmente en servicios, y que el destino migratorio está relacionado con el género del migrante, lo que contribuye a explicar la feminización de los flujos sur-sur. Se argumenta que las condiciones de vulnerabilidad económica de los migrantes laborales, y sus características de género y origen nacional, determinan procesos de exclusión social en la sociedad de llegada, con consecuencias en su acceso a beneficios sociales, procesos de integración, y trayectorias de vida.
This article analyses the intersection between migration dynamics and patterns of social stratification in order to stress different factors that need to be taken into account to better understand migration decisions, configuration of flows and its circulatory patterns, migrants' socio-demographic characteristics, chances of integrating into the host society, and their experiences in the labor market. It is argued that the migration process, commencing with decisions about where, when and who will migrate, to the possibilities or barriers to integration migrants face in the society of settlement, are permeated by inequalities of gender and social class. In addition, it is argued that in the context of increasing patterns of intrarregional migration, new forms of social stratification are emerging or intensifying. This is the case of migrants racial and ethnic labelling, perceived, categorized and placed into social hierarchies in the host society. Hence, it is suggested that paying attention to the multidimensional character of social stratification will shed light onto the ways in which opportunity structures-tied to different social hierarchies-have an impact on migration decisions, migrants' possibilities for integration, and on their life chances.
This study aims to better understand STI/HIV-related vulnerability among self-identified lesbians and bisexual young women aged 18-26 years in two neighbourhoods in Rio de Janeiro. Based on ethnographic observations and in-depth interviews, the paper analyses their life experiences and trajectories. Findings reveal that sexual identities and ties attributed to sexual interactions with women and men have an important role in influencing perceptions of vulnerability. The notion of STI and HIV risk is not well developed among women who have sex with women. It emerges largely in practices with bisexual female partners and those of the opposite sex, since in these the potential for HIV transmission (through contact with semen) is recognized. Sexually transmitted infection and HIV-related risk with male partners is seen as small by the women in the study, since such relationships are seen as 'occasional' and generally speaking occur with someone they know well. The value given to trust and the lack of alignment between sexual identities and sexual practices reinforces the need for approaches to STI and HIV prevention and care that prioritise the sexual history and practices of women and their sexual identities within specific contexts.
O artigo discute os descompassos entre as identidades (sexuais e de gênero), os desejos e as práticas sexuais, bem como as relações entre identidades sexuais e percepções de risco às DSTs/Aids de um grupo de mulheres jovens, autoclassificadas como lésbicas ou bissexuais, frequentadoras de espaços de entretenimento noturno no Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Frente à relação entre a construção das identidades e os processos de vulnerabilidade, a análise se debruça no papel das identidades sexuais nos contextos de interação social e trajetórias erótico-afetivas do grupo, apontando circunstâncias relativas à sociabilidade, ao gênero e ao perfil social que balizam a suscetibilidade às DSTs. Os achados revelam que a autodefinição das categorias identitárias das jovens varia em função dos relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais com parcerias de ambos os sexos e das redes de sociabilidade, em distintos momentos de suas vidas, indicando um sentido de fluidez na expressão da sexualidade. A lógica de proteção às DSTs/Aids do grupo é influenciada pela intimidade estabelecida nos relacionamentos afetivos e pela percepção de 'segurança' nas práticas homoeróticas femininas. Frente à importância das práticas homo e heterossexual para a transmissão das DSTs e a tendência das campanhas preventivas em privilegiar grupos com identidades fixas, sugere-se que políticas voltadas para a saúde sexual e a saúde da mulher priorizem a história sexual das mulheres e as relações entre suas práticas e identidades em contextos específicos.
This article explores the emergent racialisation of Peruvian migrants as one element conditioning the labour segregation that characterises Peruvian insertion in Chile. We understand racialisation as a process of construction of categories in which both individual and collective actors participate, and whose expression is demonstrated by the differentiation and inequality that affects the racialised group. We tackle the articulation of racial differences among individual actors, both Chilean employers and Peruvian migrant workers, to suggest that the attribution of naturalised characteristics to migrants is related to segregation, mobility, and specific trajectories in the labour market.
Perante a importância do aconselhamento na testagem anti-HIV, analisamos as diretrizes institucionais, as competências privilegiadas no treinamento profissional e os saberes/práticas de aconselhadores. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo centrado na análise documental, observação e entrevista com aconselhadores de Centros de Testagem e Aconselhamento (CTA) do estado do Rio de Janeiro. A análise foi orientada pela teoria de Pierre Bourdieu. Foi evidenciado que o habitus profissional dos aconselhadores resulta da articulação dos treinamentos, da graduação e de experiências e interesses pessoais. A operacionalização de competências, como a escuta ativa, é limitada pela rotina dos serviços e escassez de espaços de reflexão. Para incrementar a prática do aconselhamento, é importante desenvolver competências no treinamento, manter a educação continuada e fazer adequações na rotina do serviço. Tais ajustes podem fortalecer a passagem das diretrizes à ação e o aprimoramento da organização e gestão dos CTA.
We focus on the reproduction of gender inequality in the labour market, analysing everyday practices of social boundary demarcation that exclude women from accessing resources at work. We argue that women's diminished position in the labour market -or gender deficit -is a result of taken-for-granted, day-to-day practices, conditioning the distribution of resources. Taking Chilean professional women as a case study, we focus on labour market practices that uphold gendered evaluation criteria, reproduce social classifications, and engender exclusion through social boundary work that limits women's access to labour market benefits and rewards.
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