This article describes the results of research on learning democratization in Sangihe. This study is the first year of a five-year plan. Long-term goal of this research is to create the democratic science learning in schools. Democratic learning model was developed through thematic assignment, involving the participation of parents and communities. This study covers three main stages, namely designing and developing instruction, implementation and evaluation. Democratization of learning was analyzed based on indicators of student's activities, the role of teachers and parents. The results showed that the collaboration of teachers, students and parents in the development of the design can initiate the process of democratization. Implementation of thematic assignment instruction involving parent's role, can motivate students and encourage the activities of student groups to increase from the first to tenth meeting. Thematic assignment on environmental issues, were easily understood by students and allow parents act as learning partners, motivator and facilitator. Dialogical assessment was encourages student groups to improve the learning activity from the initial to the next meeting. The final evaluation results showed that the study group interaction in a democratic climate can reduce individual differences and establish an open collaboration, so the groups learning outcomes fairly homogeneous.
Research on soil temperature in mangrove forest is a part of the mangrove ecosystem microclimate research. Studieson microclimate variables interaction, including soil temperature is important and interesting because it is associatedwith ecosystem and environmental changes, and the biota living in it. This study developed a mathematical modelingof soil temperatures and solar illumination in mangrove forest and the surrounding environment. Mathematicalmodeling function was constructed using data measured on three transects which different in ecosystem condition.The results showed that the mathematical modeling parameters produced the parameters of solar illumination andsoil temperatures that were difference for the three transects. Time lag of soil temperature on solar illumination wasalso diference in the three transects due to the difference of penetration of sun radiation and soil inundation by seawater. These parameters also showed the differences between the soil temperature in mangrove with the soiltemperature in terrestrial forest as studied by the former researcher. Our research demonstrated the charachteristicof soil temperature in mangrove, that was not merely controlled by sun radiation, but also it was contribute by thesea water and other factors.[How to Cite: Medellu C, Soemarno, Marsoedi and S Berhimpon. 2012. Temporal Variation and Respons of Mangrove Soil on Solar Illumination Changes. J Trop Soils 17 (2) : 67-74. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2012.17.2.165][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.540/jts.2012.17.2.165]
Microclimate variables are very sensitive to changes in environmental conditions. Microclimate variables change temporally following changes in solar radiation and vary spatially due to differences in ecological features. Micro climate parameters are the quantity of microclimate variables which characterize ecosystems. Micro climate parameters are used in monitoring the condition of natural resources and environmental. Small island ecosystems are easily disturbed by natural factors such as storms, waves and currents, droughts, floods and surface erosion etc. Small island ecosystems also experience degradation and even sudden changes due to resource use such as forest reshaping, groundwater extraction, expansion of residential areas etc. Characterization and monitoring of micro-climates of small island ecosystems are needed for resource and environmental management. Spatial and temporal variations of microclimate in residential locations, forests and coastal waters can characterize ecosystems and are used to monitor changes in environmental conditions. Climate data is needed as a reference for environmentally friendly spatial use such as reforestation, cultivation of plants in the yard. This article discusses the results of research on the diversity of air temperature and humidity in three small islands in the Sangihe District. In each village area, four research sites were selected, namely in residential areas, forested beaches, coastal waters in front of settlements, and coastal waters in front of forested beaches. At each location, measurements are made at six points in the vertical direction. The results showed that micro-climate parameters differed significantly between the location of settlements and forested beaches.
Parameter the plane area of daily dynamics of microclimate gradients is the plane area surrounded by the curve of daily dynamic of microclimate gradients with the thermal equilibrium lines. This parameter shows the thermal interaction of forest ecosystems with the environment. This interaction is the process of thermal diffusion through the boundary plane, in the horizontal direction. Mathematical analysis and modeling for the determination of function and plane area of the daily dynamics of the micro-climate gradient include the stages with the output of other micro-climate parameters that are commonly used before. Variations of ecosystem conditions and adjacent environments have different magnitudes in gradient dynamics. The results of the study show that this parameter has a more stable magnitude than the other microclimate parameters. Changes or variations in the quantity of this parameter can also detect the influence of weather, the existence of gap or hole, detect patches in the structure of the forest. Current development shows that this parameter can also characterize the vertical interaction between air and water and air with soil.
This study aims to 1) explore concepts and processes of the science of infiltration in a place that varies (slope and vegetation plants) at UNIMA 2) designing concepts and processes of the science of infiltration as lecture references. This study was carried out in June 2019 at the land of the State University of Manado. This study uses explorative research. The results of a measurement of infiltration are the land that has slope 10 0 and dampness 20% as well as in the dominance of grass has the highest rate of infiltration whereas the land that has the texture of the solid land (clay) and nothing plants has the lowest rate of infiltration. Exploring facts in the infiltration can be connected with concepts and processes of science in the form of a matrix. Designing concepts and process science of infiltration such as the material relating to infiltration, the description of the concepts of science on infiltration, and using 3 procedures of explorative in worksheets as a reference in learning processes and practical work in land science courses. The conclusions are concepts and process science of infiltration of covering physics (gravitation, capillarity, the collision on the ground, the mass of raindrops, the mass of the land, the intensity of light, free fall, the dampness of the land), chemistry (the content of rainwater chemicals, heat energy, soil pH), biology (evaporation, kinds of roots, hydrology). It can be in the form of a matrix as well as design concepts and process science of infiltration such as material and worksheets as lecture references inland science courses.
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