With the launch of NASA's Terra satellite and the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), operational Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) and albedo products are now being made available to the scientific community. The MODIS BRDF/Albedo algorithm makes use of a semiempirical kernel-driven bidirectional reflectance model and multidate, multispectral data to provide global 1-km gridded and tiled products of the land surface every 16 days. These products include directional hemispherical albedo (black-sky albedo), bihemispherical albedo (white-sky albedo), Nadir BRDF-Adjusted surface Reflectances (NBAR), model parameters describing the BRDF, and extensive quality assurance information. The algorithm has been consistently producing albedo and NBAR for the public since July 2000. Initial evaluations indicate a stable BRDF/Albedo Product, where, for example, the spatial and temporal progression of phenological characteristics is easily detected in the NBAR and albedo results. These early beta and provisional products auger well for the routine production of stable MODIS-derived BRDF parameters, nadir reflectances, and albedos for use by the global observation and modeling communities. D

Beyond the third mission: Exploring the emerging university function of co-creation for sustainability Science and Public Policy, 2014, 41(2): 151-179. Access to the published version may require subscription.

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This extensive literature review identifies the impacts of different renewable energy 9 pathways on ecosystems and biodiversity, and the implications of these impacts for 10 transitioning to a Green Economy. While the higher penetration of renewable energy is 11 currently a backbone of Green Economy efforts, an emerging body of literature 12 demonstrates how the renewable energy sector can affect ecosystems and biodiversity. The 13 current review synthesizes the existing knowledge at the interface of renewable energy and 14 biodiversity accross the five drivers of ecosystem change and biodiversity loss of the 15 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) framework (i.e. habitat loss/change, pollution, 16 overexploitation, climate change and introduction of invasive species). It identifies the main 17 impacts and key mechanisms for a number of different renewable energy pathways, 18 including solar, wind, hydro, ocean, geothermal and bioenergy. Our review demonstrates 19 that while all reviewed renewable energy pathways are associated (directly or indirectly) 20 with all of the five MA drivers of ecosystem change and biodiversity loss, the actual 21 mechanisms of impact depend significantly between the different pathways (and the 22 environmental contexts within which they operate). We put these findings into perspective 23 by illustrating major knowledge/practices gaps and policy implications at the interface of 24 renewable energy, biodiversity conservation and the Green Economy.

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