The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), announced in September 2015, present a vision of achieving a higher level of human health and well-being worldwide by the year 2030. The SDG targets specific to water and sanitation call for more detailed monitoring and response to understand the coverage and quality of safely managed sources. It is hoped that improved monitoring of water and sanitation interventions will reveal more cost-effective and efficient ways of meeting the SDGs. In this paper, we review the landscape of approaches that can be used to support and improve on the water and sanitation targets SDG 6.1, "By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all", and SDG 6.2, "By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations". temporarily and then emptied, transported, and treated off-site; or (iii) transported through a sewer with wastewater and then treated off-site [2]. These additional requirements-i.e., those needed to shift from "improved" to "safely managed" water and sanitation services-would cost approximately $114 billion per year. Hutton and Vergughese [3] estimate the global capital costs of achieving universal access to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) services by 2030 are US$ 28.4 billion per year (range: US$13.8 to US$46.7 billion) from 2015 to 2030 for basic WASH (similar to "improved" standard), and $114 billion per year (range: $74 to $166 billion) for safely managed WASH to meet [3]. Monitoring progress toward them, and associated outcomes, is critical to ensure that available funding is spent wisely over time.Against this backdrop emergent technologies, methods, and data-sharing platforms are being used to monitor the impacts of water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions. These may focus on improving service quality or access to service. The improved monitoring of WASH interventions, it is hoped, will reveal increasingly cost-effective and efficient ways to meet SDG 6. New technologies and methods may facilitate the collection and analysis of increasingly complete and impartial data over time-with significant implications for program improvements. For instance, sensor networks are ubiquitous in most developed markets, where they are used to monitor industrial processes, track products, and organize information services. More recently, many organizations have begun leveraging sensors for supply chain management, remote monitoring, and consumer product testing.Data underpin the governance elements of accountability and transparency. They enable progress to be monitored and service providers, governments and development partners to be held accountable. Many countries lack the financial, institutional and human resources needed to acquire and analyze data to support governance. Less than half of US Member States have comparable data available on progress towards meeting ...

No abstract

No abstract

This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, the Inter-American Development Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank or the Inter-American Development Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.

No abstract

This study presents the findings of a three year impact evaluation that was financed by the Guyana Education for All-Fast Track Initiative and the World Bank. The impact evaluation was developed in partnership with the World Bank team, Social Development Inc., and the Government of Guyana team, including impact evaluation design, field work, analysis, and writing of the study. Overall guidance and editing were provided by Angela Demas, Sr. Education Specialist at the World Bank, and valuable inputs were provided by Evelyn Hamilton, Chief Planning Officer of the Guyana Ministry of Education. Alonso Sánchez was instrumental in the analytical work for Round 2, and he was a main contributor to the study. We are grateful for the contributions of the enumerators, partnering agencies including staff at the Ministry of Education, Health, Agriculture, Amerindian Affairs, and Local Government. We thank the Regional Education Offices and the officers from the Department of Education at Bartica, Mabaruma and Moruca.

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.