Innovations in WASH Impact Measures: Water and Sanitation Measurement Technologies and Practices to Inform the Sustainable Development Goals

Abstract

This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, the Inter-American Development Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank or the Inter-American Development Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.

How community participation in water and sanitation interventions impacts human health, WASH infrastructure and service longevity in low-income and middle-income countries: a realist review

“… 104 105 Outsider reporting of activities and changes may also not be accurate. 104 The length of time involved in monitoring and observation may be inconvenient for households and communities and may change their routines. 105 While there are downsides, increased focus on the utilisation of monitoring is an important tool in WASH interventions and should be prioritised.…”

“…The wider health literature shows other forms that monitoring takes including sentinel surveillance, syndromic surveillance, surveillance by proxy, environmental monitoring or event-based surveillance 100–103. There are several downsides of ongoing monitoring including expense, time-consumption, labour and resource-intensivity, and an increased frequency can induce reactivity from subjects 104 105. Outsider reporting of activities and changes may also not be accurate 104.…”

Sustainable Water and Sanitation in Sierra Leone: Impact evaluation of the ‘Improved WASH Services in WAU and WAR Districts’ project

“…3. A literature review of existing relevant frameworks and indexes (Banerjee & Morella, 2011;Bartram et al, 2014;Bratton & Gyimah-Boadi, 2016;Giné-Garriga & Pérez-Foguet, 2018;Kayser et al, 2013;Porteous, 2016;Shilling et al, 2013;Thomas et al, 2018; WHO/UNICEF, 2017; Wilbur & Danquah, 2015).…”

Sustainable Water and Sanitation in Zambia: Impact evaluation of the 'Urban WASH' project

“…3. A review of existing frameworks and indexes for assessing Sustainable Water and Sanitation (Banerjee & Morella, 2011;Bartram et al, 2014;Bratton & Gyimah-Boadi, 2016;Giné-Garriga & Pérez-Foguet, 2018;Kayser et al, 2013;Porteous, 2016;Shilling et al, 2013;Thomas et al, 2018;WHO/UNICEF, 2017;Wilbur & Danquah, 2015).…”