With the unique properties such as high surface area to volume ratio, stability, inertness, ease of functionalization, as well as novel optical, electrical, and magnetic behaviors, nanomaterials have a wide range of applications in various fields with the common types including nanotubes, dendrimers, quantum dots, and fullerenes. With the aim of providing useful insights to help future development of efficient and commercially viable technology for large-scale production, this review focused on the science and applications of inorganic and organic nanomaterials, emphasizing on their synthesis, processing, characterization, and applications on different fields. The applications of nanomaterials on imaging, cell and gene delivery, biosensor, cancer treatment, therapy, and others were discussed in depth. Last but not least, the future prospects and challenges in nanoscience and nanotechnology were also explored.

Abstract:The investigation of the water oxidation mechanism on photocatalytic semiconductor surfaces has gained much attention for its potential to unlock the technological limitations of producing H 2 from carbon-free sources, i.e., H 2 O. This review seeks to highlight the available scientific and fundamental understanding towards the water oxidation mechanism on ZnO surfaces, as well as present a summary on the modification strategies carried out to increase the photocatalytic response of ZnO.

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The main challenging things in railway vehicles are to reduce the consumption of energy for transportation and to decrease the emission of harmful gasses by limiting the consumption of fuel sources. These drawbacks can be overcome by lightweight structures designed for the vehicle bodies and frameworks. The composite materials with fiber reinforcements are the preferred choice for manufacturing lightweight structures to reduce the overall weight of the rail vehicle. The fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) materials possess light‐weightiness, high strength, high stiffness value and are more durable in nature. The researchers are continuously putting their efforts into new innovations in concern towards the replacement of existing conventional materials by FRP composites in railway applications. This review focuses on the overview of FRP composites, the role of composites in past rail vehicles, the rail vehicle component selection and methodology and FRP composites used for various railway components manufacturing with their challenges. Also, this review included the data of FRP composites used in various countries for different railway components applications. Hence, this review is beneficial for the upcoming researchers as a foundation literature to work on railway vehicle applications using variety of FRP materials. Moreover, the challenges are quoted in this review through the comprehensive analysis of literature and hence it provides the information in the form of research gap, so that it would be helpful for the researchers to overcome all the challenges in their upcoming research works.

TiO2 nanotube arrays were produced by anodization of Ti foil at 60 V in a bath with electrolytes composed of ethylene glycol (EG), ammonium fluoride (NH4F), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The H2O2 was used to replace the H2O as oxygen provider to increase the oxidation rate for synthesizing highly ordered and smooth TiO2 nanotubes at a rapid rate. After a minute of oxidation, nanotubes with length of ∼2.25 μm were formed; this translated to an extremely fast rate of nanotube formation. However, length of the nanotubes did not increase linearly with time. As anodization time was increased, the rate was reduced slightly. After 3 h of anodization, 13 μm long nanotubes were formed. The nanotubes were smooth, with an average diameter of 100 nm. The extremely fast rate of nanotube growth may be attributed to the generation of radicals •OH and HO2• from H2O2, which increased the dissolution rate at the bottom of the nanotubes and accelerates the inward growth of TiO2 nanotubes. The nanotubes were then subjected to heat treatment, and their photocatalytic ability was investigated through methyl orange degradation.

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