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One of the most crucial attributes of synthetic organic chemistry is to design organic reactions under the facets of green chemistry for the sustainable production of chemicals.

Summary With the increasing demand and depleting trend of commercial energies, it has forced the researchers all over the world to accelerate research and development in the area of renewable energy. Currently, unique and interesting features of binary compounds have gained more attention by researchers, and it became a favourite research topic among various groups of researchers around this world. It was noticed that strontium titanate (SrTiO3) consists of several extraordinary properties that can apply for miscellaneous applications especially for energy storage, fuel cells, as well as to generate hydrogen fuel via photocatalysis process. Besides that, it was noticed that SrTiO3 can be synthesised in different pathways. The method of preparation and amount of precursors can affect the surface properties of SrTiO3. Thus, this article presents a critical review on how SrTiO3 synthesis methods affect its surface morphology and the applications of SrTiO3 in various fields.

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Rapid industrialization and overpopulation have led to energy shortages and environmental pollution, accelerating research to solve the issues. Currently, metal-free photocatalysts have gained the intensive attention of scientists due to their environmental-friendly nature and ease of preparation. It was noticed that g-C3N4 (GCN) consists of a few outstanding properties that could be used for various applications such as water treatment and clean energy production. Nonetheless, bare GCN contains several drawbacks such as high charge recombination, limited surface area, and low light sensitivity. Several solutions have been applied to overcome GCN limitations. Co-doping, tri-doping, and rare-earth-doping can be effective solutions to modify the GCN structure and improve its performance toward photocatalysis. This review highlights the function of multi-elemental and rare-earth dopants in GCN structure, mechanisms, and performance for photocatalytic applications as well as the advantages of co-doping, tri-doping, and rare-earth-doping of GCN. This review summarizes the different roles of dopants in addressing the limitations of GCN. Therefore, this article critically reviewed how multi-elemental and rare-earth-doping affect GCN properties and enhanced photoactivity for various applications.

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