Pectinase is an enzyme which functions to hydrolyze pectin become D-galacturonic acid unit. This enzyme is potential in various industries, especially in fruit juice industry. Pectinase can be isolated from various microorganisms. Thus, it produces various pectinase characters. This paper presents determination of optimum conditions of pectinase production and also characterization of the resulted pectinase including optimum conditions of pectinase activity and the influence of some metals ions. The optimum conditions of pectinase production was carried out by growing Bacillus firmus on basal media containing pectin as inducer with various conditions of pH (

To understand the structural features that dictate the selectivity of the two isoforms of the prostaglandin H2 synthase (PGHS/COX), the three-dimensional (3D) structure of COX-1/COX-2 was assessed by means of binding energy calculation of virtual molecular dynamic with using ligand alpha-Patchouli alcohol isomers. Molecular interaction studies with COX-1 and COX-2 were done using the molecular docking tools by Hex 8.0. Interactions were further visualized by using Discovery Studio Client 3.5 software tool. The binding energy of molecular interaction was calculated by AMBER12 and Virtual Molecular Dynamic 1.9.1 software. The analysis of the alpha-Patchouli alcohol isomer compounds showed that all alpha-Patchouli alcohol isomers were suggested as inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2. Collectively, the scoring binding energy calculation (with PBSA Model Solvent) of alpha-Patchouli alcohol isomer compounds (CID442384, CID6432585, CID3080622, CID10955174, and CID56928117) was suggested as candidate for a selective COX-1 inhibitor and CID521903 as nonselective COX-1/COX-2.

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Rhodamine B is a textile coloring materials which often mixed in food coloring. The use of Rhodamine B in food for a long time may result in liver dysfunction or cancer. However, when exposed Rhodamine B in large quantities in a short time it will be symptoms of acute poisoning of Rhodamine B. The allicin and alliin content in garlic works as an antioxidant that can neutralize free radicals there by lowering oxidative stress and help prevent an increase in SGOT and SGPT and improve depiction hepatic histopathology. The purpose of this study are to determine the effect of preventive therapy extract water of garlic (Allium sativum) on levels of SGOT and the SGPT and liver histopathology description of rat (Rattus norvegicus) which were exposed by Rhodamine B. This study used male rats strain Wistar with 8 weeks of age and weight of 200 grams which were divided into 5 groups: group A (negative control), B (positive control), group C, D, and E were fed with rodhamin B and given preventive water with garlic juice with successive doses of 0.5 mL, 1 mL, and 1.5 mL. SGPT and SGOT level measurements performed by spectrophotometric method and observation of rat liver histopathology performed using light microscope. The data analysis activities of SGPT/SGOT using ANOVA, and the description of histopathology were analyzed descriptively. The results showed giving garlic extract with a dose of 1.5 mL/0.2 kg bw were able to decrease the activity of SGPT, i.e. respectively for treatments A to E, 18.89%, 17.3 %, 40.96% and SGOT 41.44%, 45.96%, 49.69%, and to improve the hepatocyte cells in rat exposed to Rhodamine B. The conclusion of this study is water garlic juice can be used as herbal therapy in mice which were exposed by Rhodamine B.

Ruellia tuberosa L. is a folk remedy in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, its hypoglycemic activity has not been investigated so far. In the present study, the antidiabetic mechanism of the n-hexane fraction of methanolic extract (HFME) of this plant was investigated in silico, in vitro, and in vivo. In silico study was performed using AutoDock4.2 software. In vitro   α-amylase inhibitory activity was investigated by starch-iodine method. A single dose of 450 mg/kg HFME for 14 days was subjected to an antidiabetic screening in vivo by a multiple low dose streptozotocin (MLD-STZ) induced rats. Molecular modeling results show that Betulin exhibited noncompetitive α-amylase inhibitory activities. The effect of HFME elicited significant reductions of diabetic rat blood glucose. A single dose administration of HFME inhibited α-amylase activity in vivo (P < 0.01) compared to a diabetic control group. Moreover, this extract strongly inhibited the α-amylase activity in vitro (IC50 0.14 ± 0.005 mg/mL). It is concluded that HFME exerted an antidiabetic effect via α-amylase inhibitor. Our findings provide a possible hypoglycemic action of R. tuberosa L. as an alternative therapy in the management of diabetes.

The aim of our research is predicting the alpha-patchouli alcohol isomer Pogostemon Herba as inhibitors cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) isoenzymes. The data for the alpha-patchouli alcohol isomer (CD521903, CD442384, and/or CD6432585) Pogostemon Herba were explored from the pubchem database. Molecular interaction studies with COX-1 and COX-2 from mouse were done using the molecular docking tools Hex 6.12 and LeadIT2 Bisolve. The analysis of the alpha-patchouli alcohol compounds of patchouli oil showed that alpha-Patchouli alcohol (CD521903) binds to COX-1 at active sites including: LEU223B,

Inhibition of α-amylase is an important strategy to control post-prandial hyperglycemia. The present study on Ruellia tuberosa, known as traditional anti-diabetic agent, is being provided in silico study to identify compounds inhibiting α-amylase in rat and human. Compounds were explored from PubChem database. Molecular docking was studied using the autodock4. The interactions were further visualized and analyzed using the Accelrys Discovery Studio version 3.5. Binding energy of compounds to α-amylase was varying between -1.92 to -6.66 kcal/mol in rat pancreatic alpha amylase and -3.06 to -8.42kcal/mol in human pancreatic alpha amylase, and inhibition konstanta (ki) was varying between 13.12- 39460µM in rat and 0.67-5600µM in human. The docking results verify that betulin is the most potential inhibitor of all towards rat model alpha amylase and human alpha amylase. Further analysis reveals that betulin could be a potential inhibitor with non-competitive pattern like betulinic acid. In comparison, betulin has smaller Ki (0.67µM) than acarbose (2.6 µM), which suggesting that betulin is more potential as inhibitor than acarbose, but this assumption must be verified in vitro.

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