Objectives: Pediatric chronic pain has often been examined from a risk perspective, and relatively less is known about the individual and family-level resilience factors that help youth with chronic pain maintain their quality of life. This cross-sectional study: a) examined the relations among purported youth and parent resilience (youth pain acceptance and pain selfefficacy, parent psychological flexibility) and risk (youth pain intensity, parent protectiveness) factors with youth quality of life, and b) tested exploratory statistical mechanisms that may explain relations between parent and youth variables. Methods: Participants included 122 youth (10 to 17 years; M=14.26, SD=2.19) seen in an interdisciplinary pediatric chronic pain program and a parent. Youth completed measures of their average pain, quality of life, pain acceptance, and pain self-efficacy. Parents completed measures of their pain-related psychological flexibility and behavioral responses to pain (i.e., protectiveness, distraction, monitoring, minimizing).Results: Youth pain acceptance, pain self-efficacy, and parent psychological flexibility were highly positively correlated with each other, and with overall youth quality of life. Evidence for a buffering effect of pain acceptance and pain self-efficacy on the association between pain intensity and quality of life was not found. Protectiveness was found to be a significant mediator of the relation between parental psychological flexibility and youth quality of life. Discussion:The results are discussed in the context of the resilience-risk framework and current understandings of the role of parental factors for pediatric chronic pain.

No abstract

Since the earliest translations of Brecht's plays into English, translators, directors and actors alike have struggled to reconcile a desire for textual accuracy with a style of performance that is considered 'Brechtian'. While the dialectic between text and performance is celebrated by Brecht's theories of theatre, his translated texts are often seen to bear sole responsibility for 'fidelity' to a concept of the Brechtian, and the continuing emergence of new translations of the plays is sometimes interpreted as a (hopeless) striving for perfection in the anglophone understanding of Brecht. However, it is not one individual translation but rather the interaction between the translated texts that is central to an understanding of Brecht in English. If authorship can be understood as a discursive construction, 'Brecht' circulates in English as a fluid author-function that is more than the sum of the individual versions and one that shapes them in its turn. Through the example of Tony Kushner's Mother Courage and her Children (2006), a translation shaped by Brecht's anglophone author-function but one which also enters into critical dialogue with previous translations, this paper explores the implications, for anglophone Brecht, of the translator's attempts to observe Brechtian principles in his translatorial behaviour as well as in the translated text. Seit den erstenÜbersetzungen von Brechts Werken ins Englische ist es sowohlUbersetzern als auch Regisseuren und Schauspielern schwer gefallen, das Verlangen nach textueller Präzision mit den Merkmalen eines als ʻbrechtischʼ verstandenen Theaterstils zu vereinbaren. Während Brechts Theorie eine Dialektik zwischen Text und Aufführung fördert, tragen seineübersetzten Texte oft alleine der Verantwortung für 'Treue' zum Brechtschen Konzept Rechnung. Die regelmäßige Veröffentlichung oder Aufführung neuer Versionen zeugen für manche Kritiker zugleich von einem (vergeblichen) Streben nach Perfektionismus im anglophonen Brechtverständnis. Jedoch dienen nicht einzelne Texte sondern die Beziehungen zwischen ihnen als Schlüssel zum englischsprachigen Brecht. Wenn die Autorschaft als eine aus dem Diskurs stammende Kategorie betrachtet werden kann, darf Brechts im Englischen verbreitete Identität als flüssige Autorfunktion verstanden werden, welche mehr als die Summe der einzelnen Versionen ist und gleichzeitig ihrerseits Einfluss auf diese hat. Tony Kushners Mother Courage and her Children (2006) beispielsweise basiert stark auf Brechts englischsprachiger Autorfunktion, setzt sich jedoch zur selben Zeit mit früheren Ubersetzungen kritisch auseinander. In diesem Artikel dient der Text als Beispiel, um zu erkunden, wie sich Kushners Versuch, brechtsche Konzepte bei

Christa Wolf is widely regarded as the most internationally successful writer to have emerged from the GDR. However, a definition of authorship as a discursively constructed function presumes shifts in authorial identity as texts cross discursive boundaries, rendering 'international' authorship a fragmented, unstable category. Emerging at the intersection of textual, individual and institutionalised realities, the author-function is vulnerable to reshaping by a new receiving discourse. Intervention by agents in the translation process, on the textual level and in the interpretive frames provided by the paratexts that mediate between text and discourse, results in an understanding of the author that may exist in tension with her other discursive identities. Wolf's example shows that the translated author's function is subject to shift as it becomes dependent for its circulation on the institutions of a target culture: the author's East German identity and her relative absence from targetculture discourse leave her vulnerable to appropriation by a powerful receiving discourse such as English-speaking literary culture, and the author-function that emerges has strongly influenced her international profile. Amongst Wolf's translated texts, the English translation of Kindheitsmuster (1976; A Model Childhood, 1980) demonstrates most clearly the discursive reformation of translated authorship.Christa Wolf wird oft als weltweit bekannteste Schriftstellerin der ehemaligen DDR anerkannt. Wenn man jedoch die Autorschaft als eine aus dem Diskurs stammende Funktion betrachtet, müssen auch Veränderungen dieser Identität durch das Überqueren der Grenzen zwischen Diskursen erwartet werden, wodurch sich die Kategorie der 'internationalen' Autorschaft als fragmentiert und unsicher erweist. An der Grenze textueller, individueller und institutionalisierter Realitäten zu finden ist die Autorfunktion für Umgestaltungen durch einen neuen Empfängerdiskurs leicht anfällig. Eingriffe im Laufe des Übersetzungsprozesses auf textueller Ebene wie auch innerhalb des interpretativen Rahmens der Paratexte, die zwischen Text und Diskurs vermitteln, führen gegebenenfalls zu einem Verständnis der Autorin, die in Spannung zu anderen Interpretationen der Autorin stehen können. Das Beispiel Christa Wolfs zeigt wie die Autorfunktion eines übersetzten Autors durch die Abhängigkeit von Institutionen der neuen Zielkultur für Veränderungen anfällig wird: Die ostdeutsche Identität der Autorin und ihre verhältnismäßige Abwesenheit von der Zielkultur führen zu der Aneignung ihrer Texte und ihrer Autorschaft durch den mächtigen englischsprachigen Diskurs. Die Autorfunktion, die daraus entstanden ist, hat ihren internationalen Ruf stark beeinflusst. Unter den aus dem Deutschen übersetzten Wolf-Texten tritt die diskursive Umgestaltung der übersetzten Autorschaft in der englischen Übersetzung von Kindheitsmuster (1976; A Model Childhood, 1980) am deutlichsten hervor.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Aim-To identify influencing factors that have an impact on nurses' performance of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Objectives-To appraise contemporary primary research investigating nurses' performance of the GCS, to identify concerning factors that have an impact on nurses' performance of the GCS, to facilitate a more accurate and consistent use of the tool, and to formulate recommendations for optimising its reliability. Background-The GCS has been routinely used for over 40 years as an objective neurological tool to assess patient's level of consciousness following head injury, however, users have found certain aspects of the GCS confusing despite the accuracy of performance being of utmost importance for patient's safety. Method-Six databases were searched (2006-2016) to review studies that addressed factors influencing nurses' performance of the GCS. Findings-Seven studies were identified and critically reviewed. Knowledge and experience were found to be the main factors, issues with accuracy and application of painful stimuli have been highlighted. Scores between healthcare providers were inaccurate. Recommendations-Educational interventions should be implemented and the Neuroscience Nurse Benchmarking Group (NNBG) guidelines more widely available. To ensure consistency, nurses' taking handover should observe how the GCS was obtained and documented. Conclusion-This review has found that knowledge and experience are the most significant factors influencing nurses' performance of the GCS. Inconsistencies were found regarding the application of painful stimuli and accuracy of documentation.