Understanding the mechanisms involved in tree species maturation, related mainly to ontogenetic age effects, has contributed significantly to the vegetative propagation process of Brazilian native tree species, with consequent application of clonal forestry. A number of methodologies has been developed to rescue and vegetatively propagate these species for silvicultural and environmental restoration purposes. However, the types and purposes of propagation, as well as the choice of suitable processes and propagules considering the intended objectives, still need to be better aligned. In addition, there is an evident knowledge gap and great potential regarding the use of native tree species in Brazilian clonal forestry, indicating the need of a greater interaction between studies on the vegetative propagation and vigor of these materials in the field. Therefore, this review aims to help understand the different types of techniques used and their application on the vegetative propagation and clonal forestry of Brazilian native tree species, besides proposing a schematic sequence of the stages involved in these processes for productive and environmental purposes.

Objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade técnica da utilização de casca de arroz carbonizada (CAC), fibra de coco (FC), vermiculita média (VM) e substrato comercial à base de casca de pínus semidecomposta (SC) como componentes para formulação de substratos para produção de mudas de Ilex paraguariensis por miniestaquia, bem como as respectivas propriedades físicas e químicas das composições formadas e sua relação com as variáveis biométricas das mudas. Para tanto, foram formulados nove substratos, os quais tiveram suas propriedades físicas e químicas analisadas. Nas miniestacas, avaliaram-se: 1) a sobrevivência, número de raízes e comprimento da maior raiz na saída da casa de vegetação aos 90 dias; e 2) a sobrevivência na saída da casa de sombra aos 105 dias e 135 dias. Os substratos avaliados não apresentaram diferenças quanto à sobrevivência aos 90, 105 e 135 dias, com médias de 75%, 62% e 59%, respectivamente. Para as características radiciais, os substratos com proporções balanceadas de fibra de coco e casca de arroz carbonizada propiciaram os melhores resultados. Todos os substratos testados mostraram-se favoráveis à produção de mudas de Ilex paraguariensis.AbstractYerba mate seedlings production by minicutting in renewable subtrates. We assess the technical viability of using carbonized rice husk (CAC), coconut fiber (CF), vermiculite (VM) and commercial substrate with semi-decomposed pine bark (SC) as components to formulate substrates for Ilex paraguariensis minicuttings production, as well as the physical and chemical properties of the formed compositions and its relation with biometric parameters of the formed plants. We formulated nine substrates, and analyzed their physical and chemical properties. In the minicuttings we evaluated: 1) survival, root number and length of roots in greenhouse at 90 days; 2) survival at the exit of shade house at 105 days and 135 days. The evaluated substrates showed no differences in survival at 90, 105 and 135 days, averaging 75%, 62% and 59%, respectively. For root characteristics, the substrates with balanced proportions of coconut fiber and carbonized rice hulls showed the best results. All evaluated substrates can be recommended for Ilex paraguariensis minicuttings production.Keywords: Cloning; adventitious rooting; Ilex paraguariensis; vegetative propagation.

SUMMARYEpicormic shoots were induced in stumps and detached branches of adult Paulownia fortunei var. mikado plants to evaluate rooting potential. Stem cuttings obtained from shoots of stump were prepared with 12 cm in length and two leaves reduced to 78.5 cm² (10 cm diameter). Cuttings from shoots of branches were prepared with 8-10 cm in length, and two leaves reduced to 50 % of the original size. Anatomical analysis was performed to evaluate possible barriers to rhizogenesis. After disinfestation, indolebutyric acid (IBA) was applied (0, 500, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 mg L -1 ). Installation was made in plastic pots with a volume of 170 cm³ and 53 cm³, respectively for each type of cuttings, with fine vermiculite and carbonized rice hulls (1:1 v/v) as substrate. After 60 days in a greenhouse, cuttings from epicormic shoots of branches presented rooting (58.12 %) and the average length of the three longest roots/ cutting (4.76 cm) was higher than in cuttings from stumps. The highest number of roots/cutting (7.66) and percentage of cuttings with callus (27.50) was observed in cuttings from stumps. There were no anatomical barriers observed harming the roots formation in the two types of cuttings. The use of indolebutyric acid is not required to induce rooting.

ABSTRACT:The objective of this study was to evaluate the technical viability and influence of the rootstock age and grafts growth habit on Araucaria angustifolia top grafting. Two rootstocks (8 and 35-year-old) were grafted with grafts originating from two growth habits (orthotropic and plagiotropic). We used the patch grafting technique in the middle and upper third of the crown of 8-year-old trees, and in the middle and lower third of 35-year-old trees, always near the apex in primary branches. The experiments were performed during the fall and spring/2015. The treatments consisted of: 8-year-old rootstocks and orthotropic grafts; 8-year-old rootstocks and plagiotropic grafts; 35-yearold rootstocks and plagiotropic grafts; 35-year-old rootstocks and orthotropic grafts. We evaluated graft survival throughout the experiment and at 16 months, we evaluated their survival, emission, and number and average length of sprouts. Top grafting is technically feasible for araucaria, with better results using younger rootstocks (8-year-old), especially with plagiotropic propagules and grafting in fall/2015 (71.9%). Growth habits of the grafts are maintained identically as original, independently of rootstock growth habit. IDADE DO PORTA-ENXERTO E HÁBITO DE CRESCIMENTO INFLUENCIAM NA ENXERTIA DE COPA EM Araucaria angustifolia RESUMO:O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a viabilidade técnica e a influência da idade do porta-enxerto e do hábito de crescimento na enxertia de copa em Araucaria angustifolia. Foram utilizados porta-enxertos de duas idades (8 e 35 anos), com enxertos originários de dois hábitos de crescimento (ortotrópicos e plagiotrópicos). A enxertia foi realizada por borbulhia de placa, no terço médio e superior da copa das árvores de 8 anos e no terço médio e inferior das árvores de 35 anos, sempre próximo ao ápice em ramos primários. Os experimentos foram instalados em duas épocas, no outono e na primavera de 2015. Os tratamentos consistiram de: Porta enxertos com 8 anos de idade e enxertos ortotrópicos; Porta enxertos com 8 anos de idade e enxertos plagiotrópicos; Porta enxertos com 35 anos de idade e enxertos plagiotrópicos; Porta enxertos com 35 anos de idade e enxertos ortotrópicos. Foram avaliadas a sobrevivência dos enxertos ao longo do experimento e aos 16 meses, sua sobrevivência, a emissão, número e comprimento médio de brotações. A enxertia de copa é viável tecnicamente para araucária. O uso de porta-enxertos mais jovens (8 anos) é favorável a sobrevivência dos enxertos, especialmente quando da utilização de propágulos plagiotrópicos e enxertia realizada no outono (71,9%

RESUMOMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel é uma planta medicinal de importância econômica. Sua constituição química é bem conhecida, sendo rica em terpinen-4-ol, principal responsável por suas propriedades medicinais. Contudo, esta espécie apresenta entraves à obtenção de mudas de qualidade via sementes, de maneira que a propagação vegetativa pode beneficiar sua comercialização, mantendo as características produtivas e de qualidade do óleo extraído. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o enraizamento de estacas de melaleuca coletadas nos terços apical, mediano e basal de plantas matrizes e tratadas com diferentes concentrações de ácido indol butírico (IBA). Estacas com 6 cm de comprimento e um terço de folhas no ápice foram imersas pela base em soluções hidroalcoólicas de IBA (0, 1500, e 3000 mg L -1) durante 10 segundos, plantadas em tubetes com vermiculita e colocadas em casa de vegetação. Após 91 dias, foram avaliadas a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, número de raízes, comprimento médio de raízes, porcentagem de calos, sobrevivência e mortalidade. As porcentagens de enraizamento de estacas caulinares foram inferiores a 43,8% e não foram influenciadas pelo tipo de estaca e nem pelas concentrações de IBA testadas. Palavras-chave: propagação vegetativa; regulador vegetal; teoria do cone.

SUMMARYAraucaria angustifolia (araucaria) is a remarkable species in the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest. The low germination of the stored seeds and its long reproductive cycle make grafting a good alternative for propagation, making possible to obtain genetically superior trees with early fruiting. However, araucaria grafting is still fraught with technical problems, culminating in low graft survival. With the objective to define and be able to explain the best methodology for the grafting of araucaria, we conducted studies based on five experiments evaluating the effects of: (I) environment and sex on graft survival; (II) methods of grafting and budding with shoots from stumps of stock plants; (III) techniques, indoor (nursery) and outdoor (directly in the field) grafting; (IV) budding with buds from different origins; and (V) chip budding with shoots from pruned apices of two ages stock plants. Graft survival was assessed throughout the experiments and the graft-union at the end. The use of controlled environments for grafting was favorable, especially in the glasshouse (64.1 % survival). Scions from female plants (55.5 % survival) showed higher suitability for grafting. Chip budding with shoots from pruned apices of 25 and 35-year-old stock plants showed survival of 87.5 % and 85.0 %, respectively. It is a technology that has unlimited potential for araucaria grafting, which may significantly contribute to its sustainable use.Key words: budding, Brazilian pine, clonal propagation, seed orchard, cleft graft. RESUMENAraucaria angustifolia (araucaria) es una especie que se destaca en el bosque de araucaria. La baja germinación de las semillas almacena-das y su ciclo reproductivo largo hace que la injertación se presente como una alternativa para la producción de plantas seleccionadas, genéticamente superiores y con mayor precocidad para fructificación. Sin embargo, la injertación en araucaria aún presenta problemas técnicos, culminando con una baja supervivencia de los injertos. Con el objetivo de definir y explicar el mejor método para la injertación de araucaria, se llevaron a cabo estudios basados en cinco experimentos que evaluaron el efecto de: (I) los ambientes y el sexo en la supervivencia del injerto; (II) métodos de púa en hendidura y de yema con brotes de cepa; (III) injertación directamente en campo y vivero; (IV) injerto de yemas de diferentes orígenes; (V) injerto de yemas de brotes de ápices de árboles adultos podados con dos edades. Fueron evaluadas la supervivencia de los injertos durante los experimentos y el prendimiento de los injertos al final. La utilización de ambientes protegidos para la realización de la injertación fue favorable, destacándose el invernadero de vidrio (64,1 % de prendimiento). Yemas provenientes de plantas matrices femeninas (55,5 %) mostraron mayor aptitud para la injertación. El injerto de yema en placa de brotes de ápices de árboles adultos podados, 25 y 35 años, presentó resultados de 87,5 % y 85,0 %, respectivamente. Es una tecnología que tiene gran potencial para el uso...

Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O Kuntze (Paraná pine or Araucaria) is a potential forestry native species for Brazilian silviculture. However, a number of challenges and technical restraints persist, hindering its silvicultural expansion, among which are the lack of cloning technologies of superior genetic materials and their assessment under field conditions. Thus, we evaluated the potential use of araucaria plants derived from cuttings and seeds for timber production, by assessing field survival, growth and strobilus production using cuttings from male and female plants, collected from different positions, compared with those produced by sexual reproduction. Clones of male and female trees from different types of cuttings and seedlings were planted in 3 x 3 m spacing. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design of one tree plot with three treatments. Female clones and apical cuttings showed higher growth in diameter at breast height (6.4 cm) and total height (3.6 m) 74 months after planting, followed by seedlings and other clones, with similar results. We conclude that cuttings technique is potential for araucaria propagation for wood production purposes, and it is favored by the use of apical cuttings from female mother trees. SILVICULTURA CLONAL DE ARAUCÁRIA: TIPO DE ESTACA E SEXO DA PLANTA MATRIZ NA SOBREVIVÊNCIA E CRESCIMENTO EM CAMPO RESUMO:Araucaria angustifolia é uma espécie nativa potencial para a silvicultura brasileira. No entanto, uma série de desafios e limitações técnicas ainda persistem, dificultando sua expansão silvicultural, dentre os quais se destaca a falta de tecnologias de clonagem de materiais genéticos superiores, bem como sua avaliação em condições de campo. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a potencialidade da utilização de mudas de araucária oriundas de estaquia e de sementes para produção madeireira, por meio da avaliação da sobrevivência e crescimento a campo. Clones provenientes de matrizes masculinas e femininas, de diferentes tipos de estacas e mudas de sementes foram plantadas em espaçamento 3 x 3 m. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e parcelas de uma planta (one tree plot). Clones do sexo feminino e de estacas contendo o ápice apresentaram maior crescimento em diâmetro à altura do peito (6,4 cm) e altura total (3,6 m) aos 74 meses após o plantio, seguidas das de sementes e demais clones, com resultados similares. Conclui-se que a estaquia é uma técnica potencial de produção de mudas de araucária para fins madeireiros e é favorecida pela utilização de estacas proveniente de matrizes femininas e com ápice.

The Japanese Flowering Cherry (Prunus serrulata Lindl.), also known as Hill Cherry, is an exotic species native to the East Asia, widely used in landscaping, with an excellent ornamental potential due to its flowering and vegetative characteristics such as bright bark and showy foliage. Despite its commercial importance, there is no information in literature about the vegetative propagation of this species, a method that could facilitate the production of seedlings with selected characteristics and flowering anticipation. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) to promote rooting of Prunus serrulata cuttings, with and without leaves, obtained from current year shoots, with the intent to subsidize the development of a propagation protocol for the species. The IBA concentrations used in both types of cuttings were 0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg L-1. After 60 days in the greenhouse it was observed that the maintenance of leaves is essential to the viability of the technique for Prunus serrulata, as well as the application of IBA, to induce rooting, with a recommended concentration of 2000 mg L-1 .