The Japanese Flowering Cherry (Prunus serrulata Lindl.), also known as Hill Cherry, is an exotic species native to the East Asia, widely used in landscaping, with an excellent ornamental potential due to its flowering and vegetative characteristics such as bright bark and showy foliage. Despite its commercial importance, there is no information in literature about the vegetative propagation of this species, a method that could facilitate the production of seedlings with selected characteristics and flowering anticipation. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) to promote rooting of Prunus serrulata cuttings, with and without leaves, obtained from current year shoots, with the intent to subsidize the development of a propagation protocol for the species. The IBA concentrations used in both types of cuttings were 0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg L-1. After 60 days in the greenhouse it was observed that the maintenance of leaves is essential to the viability of the technique for Prunus serrulata, as well as the application of IBA, to induce rooting, with a recommended concentration of 2000 mg L-1 .

RESUMOA pressão exercida sobre as florestas tropicais devido à fragmentação de paisagens naturais tem causado alterações no padrão de substituição das espécies presentes na comunidade vegetal. No caso de pastagens abandonadas, verifica-se uma maior vulnerabilidade do ambiente à colonização por gramíneas exóticas invasoras, as quais representam uma barreira ao estabelecimento de plantas nativas, desde a dispersão e germinação das sementes, até estádios mais avançados do seu desenvolvimento. Em vista disso, propôs-se discorrer sobre alguns dos processos da regeneração natural em áreas de pastagens, abordando aspectos que impedem o recrutamento de espécies lenhosas desejáveis e, nesse contexto, a exposição de algumas metodologias embasadas no conceito de nucleação que podem auxiliar nesse processo. Por meio da compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos na manutenção das comunidades vegetais, verifica-se que a germinação de sementes e o recrutamento de plântulas são passos cruciais do processo de restabelecimento da vegetação. Como apenas uma estreita faixa de condições é adequada (safe sites) ao recrutamento, o sucesso da regeneração está relacionado à capacidade do ambiente em proporcionar um leito adequado para germinação de sementes (seedbed). A utilização de metodologias que visem à regeneração natural, para serem eficazes em áreas de pastagens, devem ser bem estabelecidas tecnicamente e adequadas à realidade local, pois, embora apresentem resultados iniciais promissores, podem deixar de ser efetivas com o passar do tempo. Palavras-chave: gramíneas inibidoras; nucleação; sítio seguro; cama de sementes. ABSTRACTThe pressure on rainforests due to fragmentation of natural landscapes has caused changes in the substitution pattern of the species present in the plant community. In the case of abandoned pastures, there is an increased environmental vulnerability to colonization by invasive exotic grasses, which represent a barrier to the establishment of native plants, since the dispersion and seed germination until the later stages of their development. We proposed to discuss some of the processes of natural regeneration in pastures, addressing issues that hinder the recruitment of desirable woody species and, in this context, the exposure of some methodologies based on the concept of nucleation that can help this process. Through understanding of the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of plant communities, we observed that the seed germination and seedling recruitments are crucial steps in the process of vegetation restoration. Because only a narrow range

Prunus serrulata is a species widely used in the ornamentation and its economic importance is mainly due to the time of its flowering. The objective was to assess the feasibility of cutting technique for propagating P. serrulata , using stem cuttings from current-year shoots, and to estimate the maximum efficiency concentration of auxin indole butyric acid (IBA), in the promotion of rooting. Collection of plant material took place in late spring. Cuttings were made with about 8±1cm length and two leaves reduced to 50% of its original surface. Twenty one IBA concentrations have been assessed (0, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, 2000, 2250, 2500, 2750, 3000, 3250, 3500, 3750, 4000, 4250, 4500, 4750 e 5000mg L-1), applied in base of cuttings, which were placed in acclimatized greenhouse. After 60 days, there was a gradual increase in the rooting percentage compared to the increment of IBA to the approximate concentration of 2700mg L-1, with results higher than 80%. In addition, low efficiency concentrations of growth regulators have resulted in fewer roots per cutting, which could compromise the survivability of the seedlings under ambient conditions. Conversely, the decrease in the percentage of callus may be an indication that root formation in P. serrulata occurs directly, without requiring callus formation and its further de-differentiation and re-differentiation in roots.

Juniperus chinensis L. var. kaizuka, belonging to the Cupressaceae family and known as kaizuka is a species widely used in landscaping, being different from the other varieties of the species mainly because of its tortuous growth habits. The sexual reproduction of Juniperus chinensis has disadvantages and its propagation by cuttings can facilitate the production of seedlings. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of three different concentrations of the synthetic auxin indolebutyric acid (0, 1500 and 3000 mg L-1) to promote rooting of Juniperus chinensis var. kaizuka, collected in the basal (0.5 to 2.0 m), middle (2.1 to 3.5 m) and apical (3.6 to 5.0 m) portions of the stock plant, during winter, spring and autumn of 2012, with the intent to subsidize the development of a propagation protocol for the species. After 140 days in the greenhouse, it was observed that choosing the proper season to collect cuttings is essential for the viability of vegetative propagation technique for Juniperus chinensis var. kaizuka, with the recommendation of spring as the more suitable season for rooting development. However, although the application of AIB and the collection height in the stock plant have shown significant effects on some variables, it wasn’t observed a standard, related to these factors, producing a greater induction of the radicial system of the species.

We aimed to evaluate the rooting potential of Tibouchina sellowiana through the experiments: I - Cuttings from current-year shoots and epicormic shoots were submitted to IBA concentrations: 0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000mg L-1, in a factorial arrangement 2 x 5 (two types of cuttings x five IBA concentrations), with four replicates and 20 cuttings each; II - mini-stumps of Tibouchina sellowiana were submitted to successive shoots collecting during the four seasons, in a split-plot design, with five replications of ten mini-stumps per experimental unit. From the shoots of mini-stumps, mini-cuttings were produced, which were initially kept in greenhouse and later transferred to full sun, in a 4 x 5 factorial arrangement (four seasons x five collections per season), with four replicates of 12 mini-cuttings. Superiority of epicormic shoots cuttings was reported when compared to the current-year shoots, which showed the highest rooting and leaves maintenance (42.50% and 55.00%, respectively), eliminating the use of IBA. High survival of mini-stumps (over 80%) and the mini-cuttings production (170mini-cuttings m-2 month-1) in clonal mini-garden and the mini-cuttings survival (above 80%) in the greenhouse demonstrated the technical feasibility, with summer as the most appropriate time to collect mini-cuttings.

This study presents an efficient system with high productivity and quality for Acer palmatum propagation. We evaluated the efficiency of mini-cuttings technique, management of mini-stumps, production of shoots, rooting and root vigor of mini-cuttings on two seasons. The mini-stumps were planted in pots of two liters, put up in two environments (full sunlight area and shade house) and submitted to weekly fertigation. Over six collections, we evaluated the survival and productivity of clonal mini-garden (Experiment I). From these, we performed two experiments with mini-cuttings: Experiment II -mini-cuttings originated from two environments, with 8±1 cm, put to root in two seasons (Spring and Summer); Experiment III -minicuttings originated from full sunlight area, with 4±1, 6±1, 8±1, 10±1 cm, put to root in Summer. The mini-cuttings planting was made in plastic tubes of 55 cm³, filled with fine vermiculite and carbonized rice hulls (1:1 v/v), in a greenhouse with intermittent irrigation system. The high rooting (95.0%), mini-stumps survival (100%) and mini-cuttings production (217.5 mini-cuttings m -2 month -1 ) in clonal mini-garden conducted in full sunlight area shown the technique viability for the species. Mini-cuttings of 8±1 cm favored rooting (96.3%). The mini-cuttings technique is viable for Acer palmatum propagation. SISTEMA EX VITRO DE PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE Acer palmatum POR MINIESTAQUIARESUMO: Um sistema de produção de mudas eficiente, com elevada produtividade e qualidade é apresentado neste estudo para Acer palmatum. Avaliou-se a eficiência da miniestaquia, manejo das minicepas e produção de brotos em duas estações no enraizamento e vigor radicial de miniestacas. As minicepas foram plantadas em vasos de dois litros, acondicionadas em dois ambientes (pleno sol e casa de sombra) e submetidas a fertirrigação semanal. Ao longo de seis coletas avaliou-se a sobrevivência e produtividade do minijardim clonal (Experimento I). A partir destes, realizou-se dois experimentos de miniestaquia: Experimento II-miniestacas de dois ambientes, com 8±1 cm, instaladas em duas estações do ano (primavera e verão); Experimento III-miniestacas de pleno sol, com 4±1, 6±1, 8±1, 10±1 cm, instaladas no verão. O plantio das miniestacas foi realizado em tubetes de 55 cm³, preenchidos com vermiculita de granulometria fina e casca de arroz carbonizada (1:1 v/v), acondicionados em casa de vegetação com sistema de irrigação intermitente. O elevado enraizamento (95,0%), sobrevivência de minicepas (100%) e produção de miniestacas (217,5 miniestacas m -2 mês -1

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the seed bank of three contiguous areas: pasture abandoned for ten years, with soil amended by partial beheading for two years at horizon A (area I); pasture identical to the previous example, but with recent mobilization of the topsoil (area II); area in the early stages of regeneration (area III). Field work was conducted in Morretes-PR, in an area of evergreen rain forest. In November 2013, seed bank samples were collected from ten points per area (0.30 × 0.30 m) and at three depths (0-3 cm + litter, 3.1 to 6.0 cm and 6.1 to 9.0 cm). We obtained 25.151 seeds m -2 , distributed between 85 species. The predominant life form was herbaceous (98%), with the Cyperaceae family being the most abundant. In the seed banks of the three areas, only a few seeds from a restricted number of woody species were found, which therefore, represents a limited resource for forest restoration purposes.

RESUMOObjetivou-se avaliar três tratamentos de restauração florestal em uma área com elevação periódica do lençol freático, no Corredor de Biodiversidade Santa Maria, localizado entre os municípios de Santa Terezinha de Itaipu e São Miguel do Iguaçu-PR. Os tratamentos foram: controle, adubação verde e solarização do solo. Foi realizado o acompanhamento mensal da mortalidade e desenvolvimento de 12 espécies arbóreas nativas da região e a persistência de duas espécies invasoras presentes na área, Megathyrsus maximus (capim-colonião) e Cyperus rotundus (tiririca). Além disso, avaliou-se as alterações promovidas no solo por meio de três coletas durante o experimento. Após um ano, os tratamentos não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significativas sobre as avaliações realizadas. A mortalidade foi mais acentuada em janeiro (12,08%), com maior percentual para Cabralea canjerana (canjarana) e menor para Luehea divaricata (açoita-cavalo). Sobre o desenvolvimento das mudas, houve maior crescimento para: Sapium glandulatum (leiteiro-do-banhado), Croton urucurana (sangra-d'água) e Luehea divaricata, com acréscimos mensais em diâmetro de 3,66 mm a 4,12mm, e em altura de 12,39 cm a 17,02 cm. Em relação à massa seca do capimcolonião e tiririca em todos os tratamentos, os maiores valores foram verificados em janeiro (94,14 g m -2 ) e fevereiro (132,76 g m -2), mantendo-se baixos ao longo do experimento. Por meio das análises de solo, foi possível observar que os tratamentos não apresentaram diferenças significativas, contudo, as alterações físicas e químicas do solo mostraram-se sensíveis ao manejo das espécies invasoras, podendo levar a novas modificações durante o desenvolvimento das mudas. Palavras-chave: solarização do solo; adubação verde; avaliação de espécies. ABSTRACTIt was aimed to evaluate three treatments for forest restoration in an area with periodic elevation of the groundwater, in the Corredor de Biodiversidade Santa Maria, located between the cities of Santa Teresinha de Itaipu and São Miguel do Iguaçu, in Paraná state. The treatments were: control, green manure and soil solarization. It was performed a monthly monitoring of mortality and development of 12 tree native species of the region and the persistence of two invasive species present in the area, Megathyrsus maximus (coloniao grass) and Cyperus rotundus (coco grass). Furthermore, it was evaluated the changes introduced