Abstract-Metalinguistic negation, as opposed to descriptive negation, has captured great attention from scholars in philosophy, semantics and pragmatics, etc. throughout the world after its initiation. Various aspects of it have been brought into heated discussions, including its nature, categorization, constraints, scope and focus of negation and pragmatic functions, and so on. However, as the basis of investigation, what is the nature of metalinguistic negation and how it should be categorized are still controversial and current solutions to these two questions seem to be biased. This paper attempts to provide an impartial and more plausible explanation for its nature from the perspective of "use" and "mention" and categorize it according to prototype theory. Based on the distinction between "use" and "mention" and prototype theory, it is proposed that metalinguistic negation is the negation of what is mentioned rather than used in a sentence, and that there is an interface between descriptive negation and metalinguistic negation; in other words, there is no clear-cut borderline between descriptive negation and metalinguistic negation and they are two poles of the same continuum.
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Cognitive frame is a representation of the network of human experience and particular elements in a frame will be brought into salience in a given scene, which manifests the effectiveness and economy of information transmission. Encyclopedic knowledge stored as knowledge frames in the mind and discourse awareness are two important foundations for discourse-based listening training. By employing frames in teaching of discourse-based listening comprehension and constructing discourse on the mode "thematic frame plus 55 several sub-frames", this paper will explore how important frames are to teaching of English listening comprehension and how to cultivate students' discourse awareness in listening teaching. Several practical methods for improving students' discourse awareness including the recognition of the overall discourse frame and identification of cohesive and coherent devices, as well as some listening strategies such as information prediction and keywords location, have been provided.
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The Chinese Passive Construction with Retained Object (CPCRO) has aroused extensive attention from scholars especially advocators of Generative Grammar due to its syntactic idiosyncrasy. Previous researches primarily concerned with such syntactic idiosyncrasy concentrate on issues of its syntactic derivation but fail to provide an empirically responsible and consensual explanation for all its instantiations. This paper initiates a new perspective by focusing on its semantics on the basis of Construction Grammar. It is argued that CPCRO is a construction with its constructional meaning characterized by a causative meaning that profiles the causee’s change. This passive causative meaning is elaborated by three verb-class-specific semantic variants, i.e., the passive cause-motion variant associated with motion verbs or verbs entailing motion and specifying the causee’s change of location, the passive cause-result variant associated with verbs of making or creating and specifying the causee’s change of state, and the passive cause-receive/lose variant associated with ditransitive verbs or verbs with the potential of taking double objects and specifying the causee’s change of possession. They are structured into a polysemy network in the sense that the passive cause-result variant is metaphorically extended from the passive cause-motion variant, whereas the passive cause-receive/lose variant encoding the object-dual-based conceptualization of Event Structure directly relates to the passive cause-motion variant which encodes the location-dual-based conceptualization, and indirectly to the passive cause-result variant which preserves the location-dual-based conceptualization due to the invariance principle of metaphorical mapping, through profile shift.
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