a b s t r a c tIn this paper we describe potential impacts to groundwater quality due to CO 2 and brine leakage, discuss an approach to calculate thresholds under which "no impact" to groundwater occurs, describe the time scale for impact on groundwater, and discuss the probability of detecting a groundwater plume should leakage occur. To facilitate this, multi-phase flow and reactive transport simulations and reduced-order models were developed for two classes of aquifers, considering uncertainty in leakage source terms and aquifer hydrogeology. We targeted an unconfined fractured carbonate aquifer based on the Edwards Aquifer in Texas and a confined alluvium aquifer based on the High Plains Aquifer in Kansas, which share characteristics typical of many drinking water aquifers in the United States. The hypothetical leakage scenarios centered on the notion that wellbores are the most likely conduits for brine and CO 2 leaks. Leakage uncertainty was based on hypothetical injection of CO 2 for 50 years at a rate of 5 million tons per year into a depleted oil/gas reservoir with high permeability and, one or more wells provided leakage pathways from the storage reservoir to the overlying aquifer. This scenario corresponds to a storage site with historical oil/gas production and some poorly completed legacy wells that went undetected through site evaluation, operations, and post-closure.For the aquifer systems and leakage scenarios studied here, CO 2 and brine leakage are likely to drive pH below and increase total dissolved solids (TDS) above the "no-impact thresholds"; and the subsequent plumes, although small, are likely to persist for long periods of time in the absence of remediation. In these scenarios, however, risk to human health may not be significant for two reasons. First, our simulated plume volumes are much smaller than the average inter-well spacing (1-2.6 wells/km 2 ) for these representative aquifers, so the impacted groundwater would be unlikely to be pumped for drinking water. Second, even within the impacted plume volumes little water exceeds the primary maximum contamination levels. These observations point to: BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). 154 S.A. Carroll et al. / International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 29 (2014) 153-168• The potential utility of uncertainty quantification methods to evaluate the risk of leakage and inform monitoring and corrective action plans of a potential site for long-term CO 2 storage by capturing storage reservoir, leakage pathway, and aquifer heterogeneity. • The importance of establishing baseline groundwater chemistry that captures the pre-injection variability of underground sources of drinking water (USDW) above the reservoir because the EPA has adopted a "no net degradation" policy toward the protection of groundwater resources. • The need to test and develop spatially diverse monitoring techniques capable of detecting leakage early to employ effective mitigation strategies, and more importantly to add confidence to as...

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DISCLAIMERThis report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or us efulness o f any i nformation, apparatus, product, o r pr ocess disclosed, o r r epresents t hat its us e w ould no t infringe p rivately ow ned r ights. R eference h erein to any spe cific commercial p roduct, process, or se rvice by t rade name, trademark, manufacturer, or ot herwise doe s not ne cessarily c onstitute o r i mply i ts endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not n ecessarily s tate or r eflect t hose o f t he U nited States Government or any agency thereof.iii AbstractThis report documents the efforts taken to develop a preliminary design for the first commercial-scale CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) project associated with biomass power integrated into a pulp and paper operation. The Boise Wallula paper mill is located near the township of Wallula in Southeastern Washington State. Infrastructure at the paper mill will be upgraded such that current steam needs and a significant portion of the current mill electric power are supplied from a 100% biomass power source. A new biomass power system will be constructed with an integrated amine-based CO2 capture plant to capture approximately 550,000 tons of CO2 per year for geologic sequestration. A customized version of Fluor Corporation's Econamine Plus™ carbon capture technology will be designed to accommodate the specific chemical composition of exhaust gases from the biomass boiler.Due to the use of biomass for fuel, employing CCS technology represents a unique opportunity to generate a net negative carbon emissions footprint, which on an equivalent emissions reduction basis is 1.8X greater than from equivalent fossil fuel sources (SPATH and MANN, 2004). Furthermore, the proposed project will offset a significant amount of current natural gas use at the mill, equating to an additional 200,000 tons of avoided CO2 emissions. Hence, the total net emissions avoided through this project equates to 1,100,000 tons of CO2 per year. Successful execution of this project will provide a clear path forward for similar kinds of emissions reduction that can be replicated at other energy-intensive industrial facilities where the geology is suitable for sequestration.This project also represents a first opportunity for commercial development of geologic storage of CO2 in deep flood basalt formations. The Boise paper mill site is host to a Phase II pilot study being carried out under DOE's Regional Carbon Partnership Program. Lessons learned from this pilot study and other separately funded projects studying CO2 sequestration in basalts will be heavily leveraged in developing a suitable site characterization program and system des...

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of TTT for performing the engineering scale FBSR studies on a nonradioactive Hanford Tank Blend waste and providing the FBSR bed and fines materials produced for the SRNL WFO studies supported by ART. This data was used for comparison to non-radioactive and radioactive studies performed at SRNL at the bench-scale for the same Hanford Tank Blend waste as detailed in this report. The authors would also like to thank TTT for their technical guidance and support during the execution of the radioactive work scope at SRNL. The authors would like to thank the following SRNL personnel: Holly Hall and all the regulatory support personnel including Bill Wilson, Kerri Crawford, and Amy Blunt for all the guidance that has helped SRNL perform these treatability studies in compliance with Resource Conservation & Recovery Act (RCRA) waste handling procedures.The SRNL researchers would like to thank Babb Attaway, who is manager of the SRNL Shielded Cell Operations (SCO) group, and the SCO technical team consisting of Carolyn Conley,

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