RESUMOPalavras-chave adicionais: Brachiaria brizantha, Panicum maximum, patógeno.Objetivou-se avaliar a incidência de fungos e nematoides em sementes de Brachiaria sp. e Panicum maximum produzidas nos estados de Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Mato Grosso (MT), Goiás (GO), Minas Gerais (MG) e São Paulo (SP Com a expansão das pastagens e intensificação da atividade pecuária nos últimos anos, várias doenças de forrageiras começaram a ter importância significativa, especialmente nas regiões centro-oeste e norte do Brasil, causando perdas em produtividade e qualidade de pastagens.Pouco se conhece sobre a qualidade sanitária de sementes forrageiras produzidas e comercializadas no país, o que provavelmente contribui para o aumento da incidência de doenças em áreas de pastagens (6).A associação de patógenos às sementes representa impacto significativo no estande, desenvolvimento das plantas, produção de sementes, persistência das forrageiras no campo e, consequentemente, na produção de leite e carne. Além disso, a presença de patógenos nas sementes constitui entrave para a exportação de sementes (2, 3).Amostras de lotes comerciais de sementes de cultivares Brachiaria sp. e Panicum maximum da safra 2009/2010 e produzidas em diferentes regiões produtoras do país foram analisadas quanto à This study aimed to assess the incidence of fungi and nematodes in Bra c h ia ria sp. a nd Pa n ic u m ma x imu m seeds produ ced in the Brazilia n sta tes of Ma to Grosso do Sul (MS), Ma to Grosso (MT ), Goiás (GO), Minas Gerais (MG) and São Paulo (SP). The main fungi found in the seeds were Bipolaris sp., Curvularia sp. and Phoma sp.. The lowest incidence of these fungi was found for seeds of Brachiaria brizantha cultivars BRS Piatã and Xaraés, and Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, from the states of GO, MG and MS, respectively ABSTRACTB. humidicola cultivar Humidicola, produced in MS and SP, did not show a ssociation with nematodes. T he seeds of Pa nic um ma ximum cv. Massai a nd cv. Mombaça showed higher incidence of Bipolaris sp., Cladosporium sp., Curvularia sp., Fusarium sp. and Phoma sp., as well as Ap he le nc ho id es sp. a nd Dity le nc hu s sp., especially for seeds produced in MT. Some of the detected pathogens are causative a gents of disea ses of ma jor importa nce in fora ge pla nts, such a s Bip o la ris sp., ca u sing lea f spot in Pa n ic u m, of high severity in Ta nzâ nia , which provides seriou s compromising of the pa stu re sustainability.

Using molecular markers, this work compares the genetic diversity in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infecting species of the tropical forage legume Stylosanthes at the center of origin in Brazil and Colombia with that of Australia, China, and India, where Stylosanthes spp. have been introduced for commercial use. There was extensive diversity in the pathogen population from Brazil, Colombia, China, and India. The Australian pathogen population was least diverse probably due to its geographical isolation and effective quarantine. The extensive diversity in China and India means that threats from exotic pathogen races to Stylosanthes pastures can potentially come from countries outside the South American center of origin. In Brazil and India, both with native Stylosanthes populations, a high level of genetic differentiation in the pathogen population was associated with sites where native or naturalized host population was widely distributed. There was limited genetic diversity at germplasm evaluation sites, with a large proportion of isolates having identical haplotypes. This contrasts recent pathogenicity results for 78 of the Brazilian isolates that show hot spots of complex races are more common around research stations where host germplasm are tested, but few are found at sites containing wild host populations. For a pathogen in which the same races arise convergently from different genetic backgrounds, this study highlights the importance of using both virulence and selectively neutral markers to understand pathogen population structure.

Formação de mudas de mamão em ambientes de cultivo protegido em diferentes substratosRev. Ceres, Viçosa, v. 57, n.5, p. 679-685, set/out, 2010 RESUMO ABSTRACT Papaya seedling formation in different substrates and protected environmentsThe cultivation of fruits in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, lacks information on the potential of seedling production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of papaya cultivar Sunrise Solo, in industrialized substrates and soil. The experiment was carried out in the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Aquidauana, from 18/11/2008 to 05/01/2009. Three protected cultivation environments, three sizes of polyethylene bags and six substrates were used in the treatments. The experimental design was a complete randomized in a split-plot scheme. The results showed that the 15.0 x 21.5 cm bag (1539.8 cm 3 ) provided the best seedlings and the Dikson quality index showed that all environments were appropriate for seedling formation in this container. The vermiculite fertilized with 14 % organic compost was the best substrate for the formation of papaya seedlings. The Dikson quality index showed that seedlings produced in this substrate had lower quality under plastic shade netting

Data were collected and analysed from seven field sites in Australia, Brazil and Colombia on weather conditions and the severity of anthracnose disease of the tropical pasture legume Stylosanthes scabra caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Disease severity and weather data were analysed using artificial neural network (ANN) models developed using data from some or all field sites in Australia and /or South America to predict severity at other sites. Three series of models were developed using different weather summaries. Of these, ANN models with weather for the day of disease assessment and the previous 24 h period had the highest prediction success, and models trained on data from all sites within one continent correctly predicted disease severity in the other continent on more than 75% of days; the overall prediction error was 21·9% for the Australian and 22·1% for the South American model. Of the six cross-continent ANN models trained on pooled data for five sites from two continents to predict severity for the remaining sixth site, the model developed without data from Planaltina in Brazil was the most accurate, with >85% prediction success, and the model without Carimagua in Colombia was the least accurate, with only 54% success. In common with multiple regression models, moisture-related variables such as rain, leaf surface wetness and variables that influence moisture availability such as radiation and wind on the day of disease severity assessment or the day before assessment were the most important weather variables in all ANN models. A set of weights from the ANN models was used to calculate the overall risk of anthracnose for the various sites. Sites with high and low anthracnose risk are present in both continents, and weather conditions at centres of diversity in Brazil and Colombia do not appear to be more conducive than conditions in Australia to serious anthracnose development.

Pathogenic variation in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infecting species of the tropical pasture legume Stylosanthes at its center of diversity was determined from 296 isolates collected from wild host population and selected germ plasm of S. capitata, S. guianensis, S. scabra, and S. macrocephala in Brazil. A putative host differential set comprising 11 accessions was selected from a bioassay of 18 isolates on 19 host accessions using principal component analysis. A similar analysis of anthracnose severity data for a subset of 195 isolates on the 11 differentials indicated that an adequate summary of pathogenic variation could be obtained using only five of these differentials. Of the five differentials, S. seabrana 'Primar' was resistant and S. scabra 'Fitzroy' was susceptible to most isolates. A cluster analysis was used to determine eight natural race clusters using the 195 isolates. Linear discriminant functions were developed for eight race clusters using the 195 isolates as the training data set, and these were applied to classify a test data set of the remaining 101 isolates. All except 11 isolates of the test data set were classified into one of the eight race clusters. Over 10% of the 296 isolates were weakly pathogenic to all five differentials and another 40% were virulent on just one differential. The unclassified isolates represent six new races with unique virulence combinations, of which one isolate is virulent on all five differentials. The majority of isolates came from six field sites, and Shannon's index of diversity indicated considerable variation between sites. Pathogenic diversity was extensive at three sites where selected germ plasm were under evaluation, and complex race clusters and unclassified isolates representing new races were more prevalent at these sites compared with sites containing wild Stylosanthes populations.

A utilização de gramíneas forrageiras em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária tem sido cada vez mais frequente no Brasil. Entretanto, alguns genótipos forrageiros podem hospedar fitonematoides, contribuindo para manter populações elevadas destes organismos no solo. Objetivando-se avaliar a reação de acessos e cultivares de Brachiaria spp. (B. ruziziensis, B. brizantha cvs. BRS Piatã e BRS Paiaguás, B. humidicola cv. BRS Tupi, e os genótipos B4 e HBGC 331) e Panicum maximum (cvs. Tanzânia-1 e Massai e os genótipos PM32, PM36, PM45 e PM46) à Pratylenchus brachyurus, realizou-se este trabalho. Como testemunhas utilizaram-se o milho BRS 2020 (suscetível) e milheto ADR 300 (resistente) à P. brachyurus. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, na Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo Grande-MS, em blocos casualizados com sete repetições, de maio a setembro de 2011 e de março a maio de 2012. Utilizaram-se cinco plantas por vaso, que foram inoculadas com 1.000 espécimes de P. brachyurus. Após 90 dias, avaliaram-se as populações de nematoides na raiz e no solo, com a finalidade de obtenção da população final dos nematoides e o fator de reprodução (FR). Determinou-se ainda a reação dos genótipos em relação à porcentagem de redução do FR. Com exceção de B. humidicola cv. BRS Tupi, com FR de 0,98 e 0,44, no primeiro e segundo experimentos, respectivamente, todos os materiais avaliados permitiram a multiplicação do nematoide. Em relação à porcentagem de redução do FR, apenas a B. humidicola cv. BRS Tupi e o milheto ADR 300 foram classificados como moderadamente resistentes, com reduções de, no máximo 90,58% e 94,73%, no primeiro e segundo experimento, respectivamente. Entre os genótipos de forrageiras estudados a maioria mostrou-se suscetível à P. brachyurus, apesar de variação do grau de suscetibilidade entre os mesmos. Dessa forma, em áreas com histórico de presença de P. brachyurus, a B. humidicola cv. BRS Tupi pode ser indicada nos sistemas de integração e/ou em rotação de culturas, como estratégia de manejo para a redução populacional de P. brachyurus.

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e quantificar a nematofauna fitopatogênica de sementes de forrageiras, destinadas aos mercados interno e externo. Phytopathogenic nematofauna of commercial seeds of tropical foragesAbstract -The objective of this work was to identify and quantify the phytopathogenic nematofauna of forage seeds destined for internal and external markets. Seeds of Brachiaria brizantha (cvs. Marandu and Xaraés), B. decumbens cv. Basilisk, Panicum maximum (cvs. Massai, Mombaça and Tanzania), and Stylosanthes capitata and S. macrocephala, components of cv. Estilosantes Campo Grande, were examined. The extractions were made by centrifugal flotation in solution of sucrose with kaolin. Aphelenchoides and Ditylenchus genera were detected in forage grasses. The highest number of Aphelenchoides spp. specimens was observed in seeds of cv. Marandu, followed by seeds of cvs. Xaraés, Basilisk, and Tanzania. Regarding Ditylenchus spp. population density, higher values were detected in seeds of cvs. Marandu, Xaraés, and Basilisk. The results suggest that two or more species of Aphelenchoides and Ditylenchus are associated to forage grass seeds destined for Brazilian market. Phytopathogenic nematodes are not detected in Estilosantes Campo Grande seeds, neither in seeds of cvs. Marandu, Mombaça and Tanzania destined for exportation.

O brizantão, braquiarão ou capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) é uma gramínea de rápido estabelecimento, boa produtividade, resistência às cigarrinhas típicas de pastagem e alta produção de sementes, além de apresentar boa adaptação a diferentes condições edafoclimáticas. Esses atributos proporcionaram a essa forrageira alta aceitação pelos criadores de gado, refletida pela extensa área cultivada, de cerca de 60 milhões de hectares em todo o território nacional, sendo a forrageira mais representativa da região amazônica. Sua participação no mercado de sementes de forrageiras vem crescendo desde o seu lançamento, em 1983, representando, atualmente, 90% do volume de sementes de forrageiras comercializado no Brasil. No entanto, o ataque de fitopatógenos como Pythium perillum, Rhizoctonia solani e Fusarium sp., aliado a outros fatores como estresses hídrico e nutricional e manejo deficitário, tem contribuído com a síndrome da morte de pastagens de braquiarão em diversas regiões do país. Recentemente, em áreas de braquiarão em Rondon do Pará (PA) e no Estado do Maranhão, observou-se mortalidade de 80 a 90% das plantas. Folhas de plantas, com idade aproximada de 60 dias, coletadas nas duas localidades, apresentavam pontuações castanhoavermelhadas (Figura 1A), que evoluíam para manchas elípticas de até 2 cm de comprimento por 0,5 cm de largura (Figura 1B). As lesões individuais coalesciam, formando extensas áreas necrosadas (Figura 1B), com queima total das folhas. O patógeno isolado dos tecidos infectados foi Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc., que ocorre em mais de 50 gramíneas, entre elas o arroz (Oryza sativa) e o trigo (Triticum aestivum). O referido isolado foi inoculado (10 6 conídios.mL -1 ) em plantas sadias com 30 dias de idade, submetidas à câmara úmida (80% UR; 30ºC), e os sintomas foram reproduzidos oito dias após a inoculação. P. grisea foi também detectada em 8% das sementes de amostra de um lote utilizado para o plantio em Rondon do Pará. Este é o primeiro relato da ocorrência de P. grisea em braquiarão na Amazônia.