RESUMO -Avaliou-se a silagem de bagaço de laranja, com ou sem aditivo enzimático microbiano e ácido fórmico ou acético, com o objetivo de determinar a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), extrato etéreo (EE) e carboidratos não-estruturais (CNE). O bagaço de laranja foi ensilado por 70 dias, em tubos de concreto com capacidade de 700 kg, em um ensaio com ovinos, machos, alojados em gaiolas metabólicas. O alimento fornecido foi feno de aveia (70%) e silagem (30%) com base na MS. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para os coeficientes de digestibilidade da silagem. Os aditivos não alteraram o valor nutricional do alimento. A silagem demonstrou ter alta digestibilidade aparente.Palavras-chave: aditivo, bagaço de laranja, digestibilidade aparente, ovinos, silagem Composition and Apparent Digestibility of Orange Peel Silage AdditivesABSTRACT -The orange peel silage additives, with or without the additives microbial enzymatic additive, formic acid and acetic acid, was evaluated to determine the apparent digestibility of the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE) and nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC). The orange peel was ensiled for 70 days, in concrete tubes with capacity for 700 kg, in a trial with male sheep, housed in metabolic cages. The diet constituted on oat hay (70%) and orange peel silage (30%) on a DM basis. There was no difference among the treatments for the digestibility coefficients for the orange peel silage. The additives did not alter the nutritional value of the feed. The orange peel silage showed a high apparent digestibility.
12 alimentos concentrados (fubá de milho, grão de sorgo moído, gérmen de milho, farelo de trigo, farelo de arroz integral, farelo de babaçu, farelo de soja, farelo de algodão, caroço de algodão, glúten de milho, farelo de glúten de milho e casca de soja), utilizando-se ovinos como animais experimentais. Volumosos e concentrados foram combinados em dois níveis, com quatro repetições para cada nível, a partir de um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Os mesmos animais foram utilizados nos dois níveis do ingrediente concentrado, em dois períodos consecutivos. As dietas referentes aos dois níveis do alimento concentrado foram isonitrogenadas. A silagem de milho, a cana-de-açúcar com 1% de uréia, o feno de capim-coastcross 1, o feno de capimcoastcross 2, a silagem pré-secada de capim-tifton e o capim-elefante apresentaram os seguintes valores de NDT, respectivamente: 59,56; 60,57; 48,59; 50,24; 60,49; e 49,59%. Já para os concentrados, constataram-se os seguintes valores de NDT: fubá de milho (93,75%), grão de sorgo moído (82,82%), gérmen de milho (85,30%), farelo de trigo (74,28%), farelo de arroz integral (80,65%), farelo de babaçu (49,38%), farelo de soja (83,24%), farelo de algodão (67,75%), caroço de algodão (88,07%), glúten de milho (85,34%), farelo de glúten de milho (75,61%) e casca de soja (68,95%). O sistema de equações foi eficiente na determinação do valor energético dos alimentos devido à alta correlação obtida entre esses valores e as digestibilidades da matéria seca e matéria orgânica do conjunto de alimentos avaliados.ABSTRACT -The objective was to evaluate the equations system for determination of the TDN of six forages (corn silage, sugar cane with 1% urea, coastcross grass hay 1, coastcross grass hay 2, tifton grass haylage and elephant grass) and 12 concentrate feeds (corn grain ground, sorghum grain ground, corn germ, wheat bran, rice bran, babaçu meal, soybean meal, cotton meal, cotton seed, corn gluten, corn gluten meal and soybean hull) were determined using sheep as experimental animals. Forages and concentrates feed were combined in two different levels, following a completely randomized design with four repetitions for each level. The same animals were utilized to the two concentrate levels, in two consecutive periods. The diets refering to the two concentrate levels were isonitrogenous. The corn silage, sugar cane with 1% urea, coastcross grass hay 1, coastcross grass hay 2, tifton grass haylage and elephant grass presented, respectively, the following TDN values: 59.56, 60.57, 48.59, 50.24, 60.49 and 49.59%. The concentrate feeds presented the following TDN values: corn grain ground (93.75%), sorghum grain ground (82.82%), corn germ (85.30%), wheat bran (74.28%), rice bran (80.65%), babaçu meal (49.38%), soybean meal (83.24%), cotton meal (67.75%), cotton seed (88.07%), corn gluten (85.34%), corn gluten meal (75.61%) and soybean hull (68.95%). The equations system was efficient in determination of the energy value of feed, because the high correlation between those values...
RESUMO -Estudaram-se os efeitos da substituição da silagem de milho pela silagem de bagaço de laranja sobre o consumo de nutrientes, a produção e a qualidade do leite de vacas da raça holandesa, num experimento em quadrado latino 4 x 4, com quatro níveis de substituição (0, 25, 50 ou 75% MS) da silagem de milho pela silagem de bagaço de laranja, com base na matéria seca, mantendo-se a relação volumoso:concentrado de 50:50. Os níveis de substituição não influenciarram as porcentagens de gordura e proteína do leite, porém o comportamento do consumo de nutrientes e produção de leite se deu de forma quadrática, em função do nível de substituição. Os resultados sugerem que a silagem de bagaço de laranja pode substituir a silagem de milho para vacas em lactação.Palavras-chave: bagaço de laranja, consumo, níveis de substituição, subprodutos Replacement of Corn Silage by Orange Peel Silage in the Feeding of Dairy Cows. Intake, Milk Production and CompositionABSTRACT -The effects of the replacement of corn silage by orange peel silage were studied on the intake of nutrients, production and quality of the milk of Holstein dairy cows. A 4 x 4 Latin square design with four replacement levels (0, 25, 50 or 75% DM) of corn silage by orange peel with forage to concentrate ratio of 50:50 were used. The replacement levels did not affect the percentage of milk fat and milk protein, however the nutrient intake and milk production showed a quadratic behavior in function of the replacement level of corn silage by orange peel silage. The results suggest that the silage of orange peel can substitute the corn silage for lactating dairy cows.
RESUMO -Estudaram-se os efeitos de aditivos na fermentação e composição do bagaço de laranja, em silos laboratoriais de PVC com capacidade para 15 kg, distribuídos ao acaso com três silos por tratamento: sem aditivo (CT), inoculante enzimático microbiano (IN) e ácidos fórmico (FO), propiônico (PP) e acético (AC). As amostras foram tomadas antes (0) e 2, 8, 16, 32 e 64 dias após a ensilagem. Analisaram-se os teores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e detergente ácido (FDA), a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) e da parede celular (DIVPC), o pH, a capacidade tampão (CATP) e o N amoniacal. A silagem sem aditivo apresentou os menores teores de MS. Os teores de PB, FDN e FDA da silagem tratada com ácido fórmico (FO) foram os menores. As DIVMS e DIVPC foram constantes, com exceção do tratamento com ácido fórmico (FO), que foi linear negativo, em função do tempo de ensilado. O comportamento do pH apresentou equações de regressão cúbicas, com exceção do tratamento com ácido fórmico, que foi linear. A silagem tratada com ácido fórmico apresentou os menores valores de CATP (25,7 a 39,1 mg HCl/100 g MS) e os maiores de N amoniacal (3 a 4% N total). Os aditivos não melhoraram a qualidade e o valor nutricional da silagem de bagaço de laranja Palavras-chave: aditivos, bagaço de laranja, silagem Conservation of Fresh Orange Peel by Ensilage Process using AdditivesABSTRACT -The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of different additives on fermentation and composition of orange peel silage. Fresh orange peel was ensiled in 15-kg capacity PVC laboratory silos that were arranged according to a randomized design with three silos per treatment: without additive (control), enzyme inoculate (EI), formic acid (FA), propionic acid (PA) and acetic acid (AA). Samples of orange peel were taken before ensiling (0), and 2, 8, 16, 32 and 64 days after ensiling. Samples of fresh and ensiled orange peel were analyzed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), in vitro cell wall disappearance (IVCWD), pH, buffering capacity and ammonia N. The control silage had the lowest DM values (12.2%). Percentages of CP, NDF and ADF of FA silage were lower than those of the other silages. The IVDMD and IVCWD did not change, but FA silage was linear negative in function of days after ensiling. The pH presented cubic regression comportment, except for the treatment with formic acid, that was linear. The FA silage had the lowest buffering capacity (25.7 to 39.1 meq of HCl/100 g of DM) and the greatest ammonia N values (3.0 to 4.0% of total N). Additives do not improve the quality and nutritional value of orange peel silage.
The wheat quality and yield may be limited or compromised by several factors in the field, being the climatic main factor at the end of the crop cycle. The aim of the study was to determine whether different harvest times affect crop yield and wheat grain quality; four experiments were conducted, differing by cultivars type and sowing time, at Ponta Grossa city, PR, Brazil. The experimental design used for both cultivars (BRS-Pardela and Quartzo) were randomized complete block with five grain moisture content at harvest time (30, 25, 20, 15 and 13%) being 4 replications. For the first sowing time, the different harvesting times had no effect in yield, falling number (FN) or hectoliter weight (HW) for both cultivars. In the second sowing time, the yield components and yield for both cultivars were not affected by the different harvest times. A linear and quadratic decrease on the pH with the delaying of harvest time was noticed for BRS-Pardela and Quartzo, respectively, for the FN only the BRS-Pardela showed quadratic reduction delaying the harvest time.
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