A major challenge in agriculture is to enhance crop production in an environmentally sustainable fashion to meet the needs of a growing population given the continual decline in the global arable land base. The objectives of the study were to study the interaction between row spacing and N rate in oat (Avena sativa L.) on plant establishment and development, biomass production, grain quality, and grain yield under a no‐till production system. Four row spacing (25, 30, 35, and 40 cm) and five rates of N fertilizer were investigated for 3 yr. Plant density was not affected by N rate and there was no N rate by row spacing interaction. There was a 10% decrease in plant population going from 25 to 40 cm with some years showing no differences. Some differences on the origin and frequency of tillers were observed due to spacing. Grain yield was similar among 25, 30, and 35 cm row spacing with a 13% yield decrease at 40 cm. A row spacing by N rate interaction for grain yield was observed. Grain quality was not affected by spacing other than for a small increase in thin seed and seed weight at wider spacing. Grain N and P concentrations were not affected by row spacing. The results support the feasibility of wide row spacing up to 35 cm combined with placing all fertilizer requirements in a side‐banded position.
Crop residues are considered the feedstock of choice for the production of ethanol, but removing crop residues may negatively impact soil productivity. Th e objectives were to quantify the proportion of total aboveground crop residues removed through baling and to evaluate the eff ects of 50 yr of straw removal with baling on soil quality and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Th e fi rst study evaluated three harvesting systems and their impact on straw removal with baling. Th e second study measured straw removal aft er 50 yr on soil quality and wheat production using a fallow-spring wheat-spring wheat rotation (F-W-W) with three diff erent treatments imposed. One treatment was not fertilized with straw retained, and the other two were fertilized with N and P but one treatment retained the straw while the other had the straw baled every year during the cropping years. Th e proportion of total aboveground residues other than grain removed with baling ranged from 22 to 35% or 26 to 40% depending on the method of calculation based on the fi rst study. Measurements of soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (SON) showed no diff erences aft er 50 yr of straw removal, and spring wheat grain yields and grain protein concentration were also not aff ected based on the second study. Th e potential therefore exists to use crop residues for ethanol production or other industrial purposes without adversely aff ecting the long-term productivity of medium-to heavy-textured soils providing that <40% of the total aboveground residues other than grain are removed and the frequency of removal is no more than 2 yr out of three.
Including grain‐legumes in cropping systems contributes to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and enhances agronomic and economic performance of cropping systems. The objective was to examine the potential for increasing the frequency of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) (FP) in a spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (W)‐based cropping system. Three crop rotations, continuous pea (C‐Pea), W‐FP, and W‐W‐FP, were evaluated over a 10‐yr period (1998–2007) at Indian Head, SK. During the FPphase of C‐Pea and W‐FP, three starter N rates (5, 20, 40 kg N ha−1) were applied. One rate of N (80 kg N ha−1) was used in W. Rotation and N had similar effects on plant densities in either crop. Field pea grain yields were 25% lower with C‐Pea than W‐FP or W‐W‐FP but similar between W‐FP and W‐W‐FP. Starter N had some effect on FP grain yields at the higher N rate in W‐FP but not C‐Pea. Spring wheat grain yields were 3% greater on FP than W stubble. Grain protein in FP was 3.1% higher on C‐Pea than W‐P or W‐W‐FP while grain protein in W was 1 g kg−1 higher on FP than W stubble. Crop water use efficiency in FP and W was not affected by crop rotation. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that the frequency of FP in cropping systems in the subhumid and semiarid areas can be increased intermittently with only a 1‐yr cereal break between FP crops when combined with proper integrated crop management practices.
wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in tame oat (Avena sativa L.) with early seeding dates and high seeding rates. Can. J. Plant Sci. 89: 763Á773. Traditionally, farmers have delayed seeding to manage wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in tame oat (Avena sativa L.) crops, but this practice can adversely affect grain yield and quality. The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the effectiveness of using high seeding rates with early-seeded oat to maintain grain yield and quality, and (2) to determine an optimum seeding rate to manage wild oat and maximize grain yield and quality. The factors of interest were wild oat density (low and high density), seeding date (early May, mid May, early June and mid June), and tame oat seeding rate (150, 250, 350 and 450 viable seeds m (2 ). The study was conducted at Indian Head and Saskatoon, SK, in 2002, 2003and 2004, at Winnipeg, MB, in 2002, and at Morden, MB, in 2003and 2004. Wild oat biomass, wild oat panicle density and wild oat seed in the harvested sample decreased as seeding rate increased, while tame oat biomass and grain yield increased. Wild oat density ranged between 0 and 100 plants m (2 with averages of 10 plants m (2 in the low density treatment and 27 plants m (2 in the high density treatment. At low seeding rates, grain yield decreased with increasing wild oat density. The difference in grain yield between the two wild oat densities decreased as the seeding rate increased. There was a curvilinear decrease in grain yield as seeding was delayed. A seeding date )seeding rate interaction was noted for test weight, plump seed, thin seed and groat yield. Seed quality improved as seeding rate increased for only the mid-June seeding date. Even though the mid-June test weight increased as the seeding rate increased it was always lower than the early May test weight at any seeding rate. The results from this study established that in the presence of wild oats, early seeding of tame oat is possible providing high seeding rates, 350 plants m (2 , are used. . La biomasse, la densite´des panicules et le nombre de semences de folle avoine dans l'e´chantillon diminuent quand la densite´de semis augmente; paralle`lement, on note une hausse de la biomasse et du rendement grainier de l'avoine. La densite´de peuplement de la folle avoine varie de 0 a`100 plants au m 2 , avec une moyenne de 10 plants au m 2 pour le traitement a`faible densite´et de 27 plants au m 2 pour celui a`densite´e´leve´e. À une faible densite´de semis, le rendement grainier diminue quand augmente la densite´de peuplement de la folle avoine. L'e´cart entre le rendement grainier aux deux densite´s de peuplement de la folle avoine se re´tre´cit avec l'augmentation de la densited es semis. Retarder les semis entraıˆne une diminution curviline´aire du rendement grainier. Les auteurs ont observe´une interaction entre la date des semis et la densite´de semis pour le poids spe´cifique, la proportion de grains ventrus, la proportion de grains minces et le rendement en gruau. La qualite´des semences s'ame´liore avec la hau...
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