Indonesia is facing household-level double burden malnutrition. This study aimed at examining (1) household-level double burden for the mother-child and father-child pairs; (2) risk of adiposity of double burden households; and (3) associated dietary factors. Subjects were 5th and 6th grade elementary school children (n = 242), their mothers (n = 242), and their fathers (n = 225) in five communities (1 = urban, 4 = rural) in the Bandung District. Questionnaires on socioeconomic factors, blood hemoglobin measurements, and anthropometric measurements were administered. For adults, body fat percentage (BF%) was estimated by bioelectrical impedance (BF%-BI) and by converting skinfold thickness (ST) data using Durnin and Womersley’s (1974) formula (BF%-ST). Food frequency questionnaires were also completed. Double burden was defined as coexistence of maternal or paternal overweight (Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 23) and child stunting (height-for-age z-score <−2) within households. Maternal-child double burden occurred in 30.6% of total households, whereas paternal-child double burden was only in 8.4%. Mothers from double burden households showed high adiposity; 87.3% with BF%-BI and 66.2% with BF%-ST had BF% >35%, and 60.6% had waists >80 cm. The major dietary patterns identified were “Modern” and “High-animal products”. After controlling for confounding factors, children in the highest quartile of the “High-animal products” dietary pattern had a lower risk of maternal-child double burden (Adjusted OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.21–1.04) than those in the lowest quartile. Given that the “High-animal products” dietary pattern was associated with the decreased risk of maternal-child double burden through a strong negative correlation with child stunting, improving child stunting through adequate intake of animal products is critical to solve the problem of maternal-child double burden in Indonesia.
BackgroundFew studies have explored differences in the determinants of individual dietary/energy intake patterns between urban and rural areas.ObjectiveTo examine whether the associations between individual characteristics and dietary/energy intake patterns differ between urban and rural areas in West Java, Indonesia.MethodsA 3-day weighed food record, interviews, and anthropometric measurements were conducted in Bandung (urban area; n = 85) and Sumedang (rural area; n = 201). Total energy intake and intake from protein, fat, and carbohydrates were calculated. Food items were grouped into dietary categories based on the main ingredients to calculate their share of total energy intake. The associations between individual characteristics and dietary/energy intake were examined by fitting regression models. Models that also included education and body mass index (BMI) were fitted to adult samples only.ResultsIn Sumedang, the total energy intake and energy intake from carbohydrates, fat, and grain/tubers were significantly associated with age and occupation. In Bandung, energy intake from grain/tubers and vegetables/legumes was related to sex and occupation, while other indicators showed no associations. Among adults, BMI was associated with the total energy intake and educational level was associated with energy intake from vegetables/legumes (both only in Sumedang).ConclusionsThe relationship between demographic and socioeconomic factors and dietary/energy intake patterns differs in rural versus urban areas in West Java. These results suggest that different strategies are needed in rural and urban areas to identify and aid populations at risk of diet-related diseases.
Myths become an integral part of society's social and cultural life. This research examines the myth of rambut gimbal (dreadlock) as the cultural identity that is formed amids cultural commodification. This research finds that the identity formation does not occur at the micro but rather at the meso and makro level. At the meso level, Kelompok Sadar Wisata (Pokdarwis) plays its role in identity formation and the commodification of myth. At the macro level, government's effort to promote rambut gimbal cutting ceremony as one of cultural festivals and tourism commodity demonstrates a formal legitimation of the cultural identity and the myth commodification.Keywords: commodification, Dieng, ethnogenesis, myth, gimbal, identity
AbstrakMitos menjadi bagian yang tak terpisahkan dari kehidupan sosial dan budaya masyarakat. Penelitian ini membahas kaitan antara mitos dengan pembentukan identitas budaya pada suatu masyarakat ditengah terjadinya komodifikasi budaya. Penelitian ini menitikberatkan pada kajian mengenai proses pembentukan identitas budaya oleh masyarakat di dataran tinggi Dieng melalui pelestarian mitos rambut gimbal dan proses komodifikasi mitos rambut gimbal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses pembentukan identitas dan komodifikasi rambut gimbal tidak terjadi di aras mikro tetapi di aras meso dan makro. Pada aras meso, Kelompok Sadar Wisata (Pokdarwis) berperan dalam pembentukan identitas dan komodifikasi mitos. Pada aras makro, pemerintah berperan dalam memberikan legitimasi formal pada identitas yang dibentuk di level meso.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.