Myths become an integral part of society's social and cultural life. This research examines the myth of rambut gimbal (dreadlock) as the cultural identity that is formed amids cultural commodification. This research finds that the identity formation does not occur at the micro but rather at the meso and makro level. At the meso level, Kelompok Sadar Wisata (Pokdarwis) plays its role in identity formation and the commodification of myth. At the macro level, government's effort to promote rambut gimbal cutting ceremony as one of cultural festivals and tourism commodity demonstrates a formal legitimation of the cultural identity and the myth commodification.Keywords: commodification, Dieng, ethnogenesis, myth, gimbal, identity AbstrakMitos menjadi bagian yang tak terpisahkan dari kehidupan sosial dan budaya masyarakat. Penelitian ini membahas kaitan antara mitos dengan pembentukan identitas budaya pada suatu masyarakat ditengah terjadinya komodifikasi budaya. Penelitian ini menitikberatkan pada kajian mengenai proses pembentukan identitas budaya oleh masyarakat di dataran tinggi Dieng melalui pelestarian mitos rambut gimbal dan proses komodifikasi mitos rambut gimbal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses pembentukan identitas dan komodifikasi rambut gimbal tidak terjadi di aras mikro tetapi di aras meso dan makro. Pada aras meso, Kelompok Sadar Wisata (Pokdarwis) berperan dalam pembentukan identitas dan komodifikasi mitos. Pada aras makro, pemerintah berperan dalam memberikan legitimasi formal pada identitas yang dibentuk di level meso.
Abstract. Prihatini J, Iskandar J, Partasasmita R, Nurjaman D. 2018. The impacts of traditional homegarden conversion into the commercial one: A case study in Sukapura Village of the Upstream Citarum Watershed, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1926-1940. In the past, rural homegardens in West Java were planted with various annual and perennial crops. As a result, the vegetation structure of traditional homegardens in rural areas of West Java, Indonesia was very complex, similar to that of forest vegetation. Nowadays, however, due to rapid development of market economic system in rural areas, many traditional homegardens in West Java have been converted into the commercial ones. Consequently, the structure and functions of the homegardens have drastically changed. For example, the vegetation structure has become simpler and dominated by commercial crops, and the gardens serve mostly economic function instead of providing various ecological, socio-economic and cultural functions. The aim of this study was to elucidate: (i) the ecological history of traditional homegardens, (ii) the changes of structure and functions of the homegardens converted from the traditional into the commercial one, and (iii) the positive and negative impacts of conversion of the traditional homegardens into the commercial ones in the Village of Sukapura, the Subdistrict of Kertasari, the District of Bandung, Upstream Citarum Watershed, West Java. The combination of qualitative and quantitative methods were used, while some techniques, including observations, and in-depth interviews with competent informants were applied in this study. The results of study showed that initially the traditional homegardens in Kertasari Village had been predominantly cropped with various annual and perennial crops. However, due to market economic development, the homegardens have been drastically changed. For example, the commercial vegetable crops, including Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L), carrot (Daucus carota L) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata) have been predominantly cultivated in the commercial homegardens. Consequently, the household income of the village people who own the commercial homegardens increased, however, some ecological and socio-cultural functions of the commercial homegardens drastically decreased. In addition, some negative impacts of the commercialization of the homegardens have occurred. We suggest that to develop the sustainable village homegardens for the future, the diversity of plants must be maintained to provide ecological function or ecosystem services and the economic production must be improved to increase the income of the rural people.
This study views street vendors as public issues which are related to the conflict over public spaces between the government and the street vendors. The conflict was derived from differences in the interpretation and meaning of public spaces. The government has visions of order in the city and tries to control the street vendor in public place. However, the street vendors interpret public place as a strategic place to conduct their business and try to defend their existence in it. The differences in interpretation encouraged the birth of street vendor movement in Bandung. This research employed social movement concept to describes how street vendors try to construct their identities, build up the strength of their organization/association, frame and disseminate issues, and establish some coalitions. It used a qualitative method with case study research by attaining some cases of street vendors in Bandung and observing their news through newspaper and online media between 2015-2016, as well as conducting some interviews with key informants. The data collected through participative observation, thorough interview with street vendors, municipal government, street vendors’ organizations/associations, and focus group discussion. This research showed that the process of identity construction is carried out informally through kinship system. Furthermore, the street vendors built their movement based on issues of unjust policy which is supported by right to seek livelihood, marginalization issue, and limited access to formal economic sectors. These issues become their justification to maintain their business in public places and their efforts to go against government interpretation of public places which become their foundation to formulate policies about street vendors. Lastly, to strengthen their bargaining position against the government, they establish three types of coalition; political coalition, political-economy coalition, and economy coalition.
Orang Tugu di Kelurahan Semper Barat merupakan sebuah komunitas keturunan Portugis yang memiliki akar budaya dan sejarah yang cukup campuran sejak tahun 1661. Mereka berusaha untuk tetap bertahan dengan melestarikan aspek-aspek kebudayaan yang dimilikinya melalui beragam aktivitas dan tindakan-tindakan sosial sebagai upayanya untuk mendapatkan pengakuan akan identitas mereka sebagai Orang Tugu. Penelitian secara kualitatif dengan metode etnografi dan extended case method, digunakan sebagai alat untuk mengumpulkan dan menganalisis data. Paparan data menjelaskan bahwa interaksi sosial Orang Tugu dengan kelompok-kelompok lainnya dilakukan sebagai upaya mereka untuk mempertahankan identitasnya. Hal tersebut memunculkan dua kelompok utama yaitu, kelompok penting (significant others) hubungan di antara mereka didasari oleh adanya kepentingan-kepentingan tertentu yang sifatnya saling menguntungkan, yaitu salah satunya berkaitan dengan eksistensi musik keroncong. Ada pula kelompok umum lainnya (generalized others) hubungan mereka bersifat saling membutuhkan. Kelompok yang dikategorikan dalam hubungan saling menguntungkan adalah pemerintah daerah, komunitas pemerhati budaya dan sejarah, serta penanggap keroncong. Adapun kelompok-kelompok yang dibutuhkan oleh Orang Tugu dalam kehidupan sehari-hari adalah tetangga Betawi, dan jemaat gereja. The Tugu people in Semper Barat Village are a community of Portuguese descent who has quite mixed cultural and historical roots since 1661. They try to stay afloat by preserving their cultural aspects through various activities and social actions as an effort to get recognition of their identity as Tugu People. Qualitative methods with ethnographic approaches and extended case method are used as tools to collect and analyze data. The results explain that the social interaction of Tugu People with important groups (significant others) is carried out because of the existence of certain interests which are mutually beneficial, but there are also those that are mutually needed, namely those in other general groups (generalized others). Groups that are categorized as mutually beneficial relationships are local governments, cultural and historical observer communities, and keroncong appreciators. The groups needed by Tugu People in their daily lives are neighbors from Betawi ethnic group, and church members.
This research depicts the dynamics of street vendors’ resistance to the city government’s policy. The research applied qualitative approach with research strategy of case study. The research result showed that street vendors’ strategies in dealing with the city government were devised in various ways, both covert and open ones. Covert resistance tended to be put up when street vendors were already in a weak position. However, when street vendors were in a firm position, they tended to choose open resistance. The theme of resistance was adjusted to the situation and policies imposed by the government. When eviction was carried out, street vendors’ resistance was focused on the effort to ask for space for trading. When relocation was carried out, street vendors’ resistance was put up to obtain strategic locations and empowerment programs. When the zoning system was applied, street vendors attempted to intervene in the criterion of green, yellow, and red zones.
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