In this study, hemolysis, Western blot, and real-time RT-PCR assays were performed to evaluate silibinin's activity against S. aureus α-toxin secretion. In addition, live/dead cell staining and lactate dehydrogenase activity assays were introduced to examine the influence of silibinin on α-toxin-induced cell injury in human alveolar epithelial cells. Furthermore, we tested the influence of silibinin on S. aureus pneumonia in a mouse model. We show that silibinin inhibits the expression of α-toxin in a dose-dependent manner and alleviates α-toxin-induced lung cell injury. The IC50 of silibinin that inhibits the hemolytic activity of S. aureus was 14.33 µg/mL for strain 8325-4. Moreover, this compound provides effective protection on the lung injury of staphylococcal pneumonia.
Diaveridine (DVD) is used in combination with sulphachloropyrazine (SPZ) as an effective
antibacterial agent and antiprotozoal agent, respectively, in humans and animals. To gain
a better understanding of the metabolism of SPZ and DVD in the food-producing animals, a
high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to determine and quantify
sulphachloropyrazine (SPZ) and diaveridine (DVD) suspension residues from broilers is
reported. Thirty healthy chickens were orally administered with
sulphachloropyrazine-diaveridine (SPZ-DVD) suspension in water of 300
mg/l (SPZ) per day for seven successive days. Six chickens per day were
slaughtered at 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after the last administration. This procedure
permitted SPZ and DVD to be separated from muscle tissue, liver, kidneys and skin with fat
after extraction with acetonitrile and acetone under slightly acidic conditions. From the
detected residuals in different tissues, we found that SPZ was quickly eliminated in liver
and muscle, and slowly eliminated in kidney and skin with fat. DVD was quickly eliminated
in liver and slowly eliminated in kidney. The withdrawal period of SPZ was 3.26, 3.72,
4.39 and 5.43 days in muscle, liver, kidney and skin with fat, respectively. The
withdrawal period of DVD was 4.77, 4.94, 6.74 and 4.58 days in muscle, liver, kidney and
skin with fat, respectively. Therefore, the suggested withdrawal period for SPZ-DVD
suspension should be 7 days after dosing for seven successive days.
Diclofenac sodium (DS) was the third generation non-steroidal drugs with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Owing to taking action faster, long lasting potency, good efficacy and low side effects, DS was widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. To further ensure animal food safety and consumer health, the rational usages regulations of DS and DS withdrawal time should be provided. In the present study, a new high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) method was first established for extracting and validating diclofenac sodium levels in edible porcine tissues. Meanwhile, the pharmacokinetics characteristics and residue elimination of intramuscular DS administration in pigs were also studied. We found DS eliminated quickly and the distribution was poor in vivo. After a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight per day for continuous 3 days, the withdrawal time in the tissues of liver, kidney, sebum, muscle and administration site were 9.892 days, 5.116 days, 14.205 days, 5.444 days and 8.818 days, respectively. According to the double-sided 95% confidence interval, DS withdrawal period should be 15 days. These experiment evidences lay a good foundation on the rational usages regulations of DS and DS withdrawal time, which will be helpful for the animal food safety and consumer health.
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