The authors would like to thank all the external peer reviewers for their tremendous volunteer efforts and insightful reviews of our energy analysis work during the development of this report. Without their expertise in reviewing the energy efficiency measures covering envelope, lighting, HVAC systems, and service water heating systems, this document would be considerably less rigorous. The following experts peer reviewed an earlier draft of this report:
This project was conducted by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in support of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Building Energy Codes Program (BECP). DOE's BECP supports the upgrading of the building energy codes and standards, and the states' adoption, implementation, and enforcement of those codes and standards as they are incrementally upgraded. Building energy codes and standards set minimum requirements for energy-efficient design and construction for new and renovated buildings, and impact energy use and emissions for the life of buildings. They are part of a broader set of documents which govern the design and construction of buildings for the health and life safety of occupants. Energy codes and standards set a baseline for energy efficiency in construction by establishing minimum energy-efficiency requirements. Improving these documents generates consistent and longlasting energy savings.When the model energy codes and standards for buildings are being updated, BECP reviews the technical and economic basis of these documents. For commercial and multi-family high-rise residential buildings, which are the subject of this report, the basis for the energy codes is the ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 1 Standard 90.1.
iv including plug and process loads. Chapter 5 and Appendix C of this report present these energy simulation results as used in the cost-effectiveness analysis. The energy saving analysis of Standard 90.1 in the report described above utilized a suite of 16 prototype EnergyPlus building models. Prototypes were simulated in 17 climate locations representing all eight U.S. climate zones. The cost-effectiveness analysis in this report used a subset of prototypes and climate locations, providing coverage of nearly all of the changes in Standard 90.1 from the 2007 to 2010 edition that affect energy savings, equipment and construction costs, and maintenance, including conventional HVAC systems used in commercial buildings. Each prototype building was analyzed in each climate location for a total of 30 cost-effectiveness assessments. The following prototype buildings and climate locations were included in the analysis: Prototypes Climate Locations Small Office 2A Houston, Texas (hot, humid) Large Office 4A Baltimore, Maryland (mixed, humid) Standalone Retail 3A Memphis, Tennessee (warm, humid) Primary School 5A Chicago, Illinois (cool, humid) Small Hotel 3B Albuquerque, New Mexico (hot, dry) Mid-rise Apartment A primary input to the cost-effectiveness analysis was the incremental costs for the addenda to 90.1-2007 that were included in 90.1-2010. Of the 109 total addenda to 90.1-2007, 41 had quantified energy savings that were modeled in the 90.1-2010 energy savings analysis. The remaining addenda were not considered to have quantifiable savings, or do not affect the sections of 90.1 that directly impact building energy usage. Of the 41 addenda with quantified energy savings, 38 were modeled in the six prototypes and were included with the cost estimate. The remaining three addenda affect building systems that were not included in the prototypes. vi Table ES-1 Summary of Cost-effectiveness Analysis Prototype Climate Zone
This Technical Support Document (TSD) describes the process, methodology and assumptions for development of the 50% Energy Savings Design Technology Packages for Highway Lodging Buildings.This design guidance document provides specific recommendations for achieving 50% energy savings in highway lodging properties over the energy-efficiency levels contained in ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004 (ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 2004a). These 50% savings design packages represent a further significant step towards realization of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) net-zero energy building goal for new construction by the year 2025. DOE has previously supported the development of a series of 30% energy savings design guides, which were developed by a partnership of organizations, including the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), the American Institute of Architects (AIA), the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), the United States Green Buildings Council (USGBC), as well as DOE 1 .This report provides recommendations and user-friendly design assistance to designers, developers, and owners of highway lodging properties and is intended to encourage steady progress towards net-zero energy performance in these buildings. The design package provides prescriptive recommendation packages that are capable of reaching the 50% energy savings target for each climate zone, thereby easing the burden of the design and construction of highway lodging with exemplary energy performance.To develop the set of energy efficiency measure recommendations that meet, or exceed, the 50% goal, we used a highway lodging prototype, adapted from previous work for achieving 30% savings in the Advanced Energy Design Guide for Highway Lodging Buildings (AEDG-HL), to represent this class of buildings.We created baseline models from the prototype that are minimally code-compliant with ASHRAE 90.1-2004, and advanced models based on the recommended energy-efficient technologies. To determine the energy savings at different climate locations, we performed EnergyPlus simulation analyses. The simulation approach used is documented in this TSD, along with the characteristics of the prototype and assumptions of the baseline and advanced models.Finally, we assessed the cost effectiveness of the energy-efficient technologies recommended in the design package using the simple payback period method.Prescriptive packages of recommendations presented in the design package by climate zone include enhanced envelope technologies, interior and exterior lighting technologies, heating, ventilating, and airconditioning (HVAC) and service water heating (SWH) technologies, and miscellaneous appliance technologies. Final energy efficiency recommendations for each climate zone are included, along with the results of the energy simulations indicating a national-weighted average energy savings over all buildings and climates of 55.5% in comparison with the Standard 90.1-2004 as baseline.A cost estimate of the re...
Building Technologies (BT) Program. Buildings account for over 40% of total energy use and over 70% of electricity use in the United States (DOE 2009b). To reduce building energy usage, DOE, through its BT Program, established a strategic goal to "create technologies and design approaches that enable net-zero energy buildings (NZEB) at low incremental cost by 2025". Supporting DOE's goal directly, the project objective is to develop a package of energy efficiency measures (EEMs) that demonstrates the feasibility to achieve 50% energy savings for small office buildings with a simple payback of 5 years or less. The 50% goal is to reduce site energy usage relative to buildings that are built to just meet the minimum requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004 (ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 2004) before using renewable energy.PNNL performed the research, analysis, and documentation, referred to as the Technical Support Document (TSD), with inputs from many other contributors and sources of information. An early draft version of the report was circulated to industry experts, practicioners, and another National Laboratory, for in-depth peer reviews. Appendix B documents the review comments and PNNL's responses. For use in this analysis, PNNL developed a prototypical 20,000 ft² (1,858 m 2 ) small office building model that just meets the requirements of Standard 90.1-2004. This is based on the small office prototype that PNNL developed for the 30% Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Office Buildings . PNNL used the state-of-art energy simulation program -EnergyPlus-to determine the energy savings provided by the package of EEMs. The prototype building is simulated in the same eight climate zones adopted by International Energy Code Council (IECC) and ASHRAE in development of the prevailing energy codes and standards. The climate zones are further divided into moist and dry regions, represented by 16 climate locations. The TSD provides the modeling parameters used in the simulations and the energy and cost-effectiveness results.The advanced EEMs include energy efficiency enhancements to the following building elements:• Exterior wall and roof insulation The TSD report shows that the recommended EEM package achieves a minimum of 50% energy savings in all 16 climate locations, and a national-weighted average energy savings of 56.6% over the United States. Cost-effectiveness analysis to implement the EEMs shows a weighted-average simple payback of 6.8 years. These results are summarized in the table below. In addition, this report provides results for an alternative EEM package substituting a variable air volume (VAV) heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system. This alternative package achieves at least 50% energy savings in 7 of the16 climate locations, corresponding to a national-weighted average savings of 48.5%. The VAV EEM ii package has a national weighted-average simple payback of 8.6 years. Other packages of EEMs may also achieve 50% energy savings; this report does not consider all alternatives but ra...
Background: Periprosthetic infections remain a major challenge for breast reconstruction. Local antibiotic delivery systems, such as antibiotic beads and spacers, have been widely used within other surgical fields, but their use within plastic surgery remains scarce. In this study, we demonstrate the use of antibiotic-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) plates for infection prophylaxis in tissue expander (TE)-based breast reconstruction. Methods: A retrospective review of patients who underwent immediate breast reconstruction with prepectoral TEs over the span of 5 years performed by two surgeons was completed, revealing a total of 447 patients. Data pertaining to patient demographics, operative details, and postoperative outcomes were recorded. Fifty patients underwent TE reconstruction with the addition of a PMMA plate (Stryker, Kalamazoo, Michigan) impregnated with tobramycin and vancomycin. Antibiotic plates were removed at the time of TE-to-implant exchange. Patient-matching analysis was performed using the 397 patients without PMMA plates to generate a 50-patient nonintervention cohort for statistical analysis. Results: The intervention cohort (n = 50) and 1:1 patient-matched nonintervention cohort (n = 50) demonstrated no statistically significant differences in patient demographics or operative characteristics other than PMMA plate placement. The rate of operative periprosthetic infection was 4% in the intervention group and 14% in the nonintervention group (P = 0.047). The rate of TE explantation was also reduced in the intervention group (6% versus 18%; P = 0.036). Follow-up averaged 9.1 and 8.9 months for the intervention and nonintervention groups, respectively (P = 0.255). Conclusion: Local antibiotic delivery using antibiotic-impregnated PMMA plates can be safely and effectively used for infection prevention with TE-based breast reconstruction.
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